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→‎yašur ḇa aškilun

Chrysophylax

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+==Avahil==
+===Nouns===
+Obligatory social opinion-marking on high animate nouns.
+#'''Vr'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''avan'' → ''aravan'' ‘a liked man’
+#:liked, having a positive opinion of
+#'''Vm'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''vasan'' → ''ãvasan'' ‘a disliked baker’
+#:disliked, having a negative opinion of
+#'''Vth'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''ana'' → ''athana'' ‘a trusted woman’
+#:trusted, having trust in
+#'''Vl'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel, e.g., ''agan'' → ''alagan'' ‘a distrusted ruler’
+#:distrusted, lacking trust in
+#'''V(h)'''- where '''V''' is an echo vowel and '''h''' is obligatory before front vowels, e.g., ''eyin'' → ''eheyin'' ‘a farmer’ but ''avan'' → ''avan'' ‘a man’
+#:having not yet formed an opinion of, neutral
+Hypocoristics are formed by infixes.
+#'''-ri-''' e.g., ''avan'' → ''arivan'' ‘boy, child’, ''ana'' → ''arina'' ‘girl, young woman’
+#:a neutral diminutive
+#'''-th-''' e.g., ''caha'' ‘flower’ → ''catha'' ‘small blossom’, ''vasan'' → ''vathahan'' ‘cherished apprentice baker’
+#:an affectionate diminutive
+#'''-m-''' e.g., ''asan'' ‘hunter’ → ''ãhan'' ‘(mockingly) hunterling’, ''talagan'' ‘bear’ → ''talãhan'' ‘brash, aggressive, young person’
+#:a derisive, mocking diminutive
+Uses a falling pitch accent to mark the possessum.
+#This accent is put on the ‘center’ syllable of a word, e.g., ''ereyin a'''là'''na'' ‘the beloved farmer's treacherous wife’, but ''arivan '''àn'''a'' ‘the boy's mother’
+Uses compounding to form adjective-noun and noun-noun words.
+# Word stems ending in a vowel reduplicate their consonant, e.g. ''eyi-'' + ''ana'' → ''eliyana''<sup>1</sup> ‘farmwife’, unless the first word ends in the same vowel as the second one begins with; then they merge: ''tala'' ‘honey’ + ''agan'' → ''talagan'' ‘bear’
+# Word stems ending in a consonant undergo a radical change if clashing with another consonant.
+#:''ag-'' + ''vasan'' → ''ahavasan'' ‘head baker’ [ɑːʋasan] or [ɑxaʋasan]
+#:''avan-'' + ''sil'' → ''avahil'' ‘common speech’ [aʋaːil] or [aʋaxil]
+====Notes on sound changes====
+#<small>Regressive dissimilation strikes: the first '''y''' is here depalatalised to '''l''', giving ''eliyana'' [ɛliʎana] instead of expected ''*eyiyana'' [ɛʎiʎana]</small>
+===Syntax===
+Word order is VSO. Possessors precede possessa.
 ==yašur ḇa aškilun==
 IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/
-Tentative sentence
+===Translating 'Am I small?'===
+source: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00F1YPRSK/
+:<big>A ḇaš gali? - išagur tawḏi ḇa Philipp Winterberg ya Nadja Wichmann. </big>
+:{|
+|-
+| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || ''i-šagur'' || ''tawḏ-i'' || ''ḇa'' || Pilipp Winterberg || ''ya'' || Nadja Wichmann
+|-
+| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || {{sc|det.inan-}}tale || picture.{{sc|constr-adj}} || of || || and ||
+|
+|}
+:<big>A ḇaš gali? - Tamia uyasad ya yasakaš wadiš bašaddut ḏargit, yataḏaši wadiš anu asarušuḏ. Dala yamarad isaḇur ušabri.</big>
+:{|
+|-
+| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || Tamia || ''u-ya-sad-ø'' || ''ya'' || ''ya-sakaš-ø'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''bašad-du-t'' || ''ḏargi-t'' || ''ya-taḏ-aši'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''anu'' || ''a-saruš-uḏ'' || ''dala'' || ''ya-marad-ø'' || ''i-saḇur'' || ''u-šabri''
+|-
+| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || Tamia || {{sc|not-3sg-know-ipfv}} || and || {{sc|3sg-ask-ipfv}} || beast{{sc|-pl-gen}} || all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| different{{sc|-gen}} || {{sc|3sg-}}meet-{{sc|ipfv.act.ptcp}}|| all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| at || {{sc|3sg.poss.encl-}}road{{sc|-loc.inan}} || then || {{sc|3sg-}}find{{sc|-ipfv}} || {{sc|det.inan-}}answer || {{sc|not-}}expected
+|-
+|}
+:<big>Gal Tamia.</big>
+:{|
+|-
+| ''gal'' || ''Tamia''
+|-
+| here (is) || Tamia
+|-
+|}
+:<big>tarag! taḇḏi!</big>
+:<big>Yagalgir Tamia gali.</big>
+:<big>a ḇaš? A gali?</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš gali? </big>
+:<big>A gali? Laša? Laš waḏi gali galayu! Laš gugali!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš gugali?</big>
+:<big>A gugali? Laša? Laš maḡi!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš maḡi?</big>
+:<big>A maḡi? Laša? Laš maḡa-maḡi!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš maḡa-maḡi?</big>
+:<big>A maḡa-maḡi? Laša? Laš ušani!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš ušani?</big>
+:<big>A šani? Laša? Laš nami!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš nami?</big>
+:<big>A nami? Laša? Laš nunami!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš nunami? </big>
+:<big>A nunami? Laša? Laš irḡuli!</big>
+:<big>A ḇaš irḡuli? </big>
+:<big>A irḡuli? Laša? Laš adli! </big>
+:<big>Adu miḏur… ḇašu! ḇaš wadi…</big>
+:<big>Ušani!
+:Gugali!
+:Nunami!
+:Irḡuli!
+:Adli!
+</big>
+===Sketching out syntax===
+:<big>Yamin gal ḇ'aštaḏ yamraḏ ašarraḡin ḇakaduš waḏiš.</big>
 :{|
-| ''yamen gal ḇ'aštaḏ yamrad ašarraḡin ḇakaduš waḏiš''
 |-
-| ''yamen'' || ''gal'' || ''ḇa-aštaḏ'' || ''ya-m-raḏ-ø'' || ''a-šarraḡ-in'' || ''ḇaka-du-š'' || ''waḏi-š''
+| ''yamin'' || ''gal'' || ''ḇa-aštaḏ'' || ''ya-m-raḏ-ø'' || ''a-šarraḡ-in'' || ''ḇaka-du-š'' || ''waḏi-š''
 |-
 | once || here || {{sc|1sg.poss.encl-}}father || {{sc|3sg-ven-}}gather{{sc|-pfv}} || {{sc|det.anim-}}queen{{sc|-dat.anim}} || sheep-{{sc|pl-acc.anim}} || all{{sc|-acc.anim}}
@@ Line 13: / Line 113: @@
 : "My father once came and gathered all sheep for the queen."
+:<big>Yamin gal laḇal isakušu ḇ'aštaḏin aši kašu ini l'adur lašut.</big>
+:{|
+| ''yamin'' || ''gal'' || ''la-ḇal-ø'' || ''i-sakuš-u'' || ''ḇa-aštaḏ-in'' || ''aši'' || ''kašu'' || ''ini'' || ''la-adur'' || ''laš-ut''
+|-
+| once || here || {{sc|2sg-}}promise{{sc|-pfv}} || {{sc|det.inan-}}task{{sc|-dat.inan}} || {{sc|1sg.poss.encl-}}father{{sc|-dat.anim}} || one || night || with || {{sc|2sg.poss.encl-}}side || your
+|-
+|
+|}
+: "You did once here for this task promise one night by your side to my father."
+:<big>Gir šarraḡa parḇi, laš, lawkad ya ulamkad šamat.</big>
+:{|
+|-
+| ''gir'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''laš'' || ''la-w-kad-ø'' ||  ''ya'' || ''u-la-m-kad-ø'' || ''šamat''
+|-
+| yet || queen-{{sc|voc}} || illustrious || you || {{sc|2sg-and-}}go{{sc|-pfv}} || and || {{sc|not-2sg-ven-}}go{{sc|-pfv}} || again
+|}
+: "Yet, O illustrious queen, you left and did not again return."
+:<big>Ini l'astu gani, šarraḡa parḇi, itaḇaḏa baḡduri ulnikutu ugtaḏin.</big>
+:{|
+|-
+| ''ini'' || ''la-astu'' || ''gani'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''i-taḇaḏa'' ||  ''baḡd-ur-i'' || u-l-nikut-u-ø || ''ugtaḏ-in''
+|-
+| with || {{sc|2sg.poss.encl-}}laws || own || queen-{{sc|voc}}|| illustrious|| {{sc|det.inan-}}debts || pay-{{sc|pass.fut.ptcp-adj}} || {{sc|3pl.pass-pass-}}inherit{{sc|.pass}}{{sc|-3pl.pass-ipfv}} || son{{sc|-dat.anim}}
+|}
+: "By your own laws, O illustrious queen, the debts that are to be paid are inherited to the son."
 ===Phonology===
-Has three distinctive vowels: '''i''' /i/, '''u''' /u/,'''a''' /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position.
+Has three distinctive vowels: '''i''' /i/, '''u''' /u/,'''a''' /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position<sup>1</sup>.
 Three consonant series: unaspirated '''b''' /p/, '''d''' /t/, '''g''' /k/, aspirated '''p''' /pʰ/, '''t''' /tʰ/, '''k''' /kʰ/, ejective '''ḇ''' /p’/, '''ḏ''' /t’/, '''ḡ''' /k’/
 These series of stops have traditionally been termed the '''tenuis''', the '''fortis''', and the '''lenis''' series.
-The language has regressive (leftward) preglottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus ''yataḏa'' /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects'  but ''gaduš'' /katuʃ/ 'knife'
+The language has regressive (leftward) pre-glottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus ''yataḏa'' /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects'  but ''gaduš'' /katuʃ/ 'knife'
+:<small>1. In the religious register ''yašur isali'' (“refined speech”) every vowel is pronounced as it were and does not reduce. Compare ''ašarraḡin'' (“to the queen”) pronounced /aˈʃaraʔˌk’in/ with regular /əˈʃarəʔˌk’in/
 ==Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam==