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User:Chrysophylax/Sketches: Difference between revisions
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==Avahil== | ==Avahil== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Obligatory social opinion-marking on high animate nouns. | Obligatory social opinion-marking on high animate nouns. | ||
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#'''-m-''' e.g., ''asan'' ‘hunter’ → ''ãhan'' ‘(mockingly) hunterling’, ''talagan'' ‘bear’ → ''talãhan'' ‘brash, aggressive, young person’ | #'''-m-''' e.g., ''asan'' ‘hunter’ → ''ãhan'' ‘(mockingly) hunterling’, ''talagan'' ‘bear’ → ''talãhan'' ‘brash, aggressive, young person’ | ||
#:a derisive, mocking diminutive | #:a derisive, mocking diminutive | ||
Uses a falling pitch accent to mark the possessum. | |||
#This accent is put on the ‘center’ syllable of a word, e.g., ''ereyin a'''là'''na'' ‘the beloved farmer's treacherous wife’, but ''arivan '''àn'''a'' ‘the boy's mother’ | |||
Uses compounding to form adjective-noun and noun-noun words. | |||
# Word stems ending in a vowel reduplicate their consonant, e.g. ''eyi-'' + ''ana'' → ''eliyana''<sup>1</sup> ‘farmwife’, unless the first word ends in the same vowel as the second one begins with; then they merge: ''tala'' ‘honey’ + ''agan'' → ''talagan'' ‘bear’ | |||
# Word stems ending in a consonant undergo a radical change if clashing with another consonant. | |||
#:''ag-'' + ''vasan'' → ''ahavasan'' ‘head baker’ [ɑːʋasan] or [ɑxaʋasan] | |||
#:''avan-'' + ''sil'' → ''avahil'' ‘common speech’ [aʋaːil] or [aʋaxil] | |||
====Notes on sound changes==== | |||
#<small>Regressive dissimilation strikes: the first '''y''' is here depalatalised to '''l''', giving ''eliyana'' [ɛliʎana] instead of expected ''*eyiyana'' [ɛʎiʎana]</small> | |||
===Syntax=== | |||
Word order is VSO. Possessors precede possessa. | |||
==yašur ḇa aškilun== | ==yašur ḇa aškilun== | ||
IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/ | IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/ | ||
===Translating 'Am I small?'=== | |||
source: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00F1YPRSK/ | |||
:<big>A ḇaš gali? - išagur tawḏi ḇa Philipp Winterberg ya Nadja Wichmann. </big> | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || ''i-šagur'' || ''tawḏ-i'' || ''ḇa'' || Pilipp Winterberg || ''ya'' || Nadja Wichmann | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || {{sc|det.inan-}}tale || picture.{{sc|constr-adj}} || of || || and || | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
:<big>A ḇaš gali? - Tamia uyasad ya yasakaš wadiš bašaddut ḏargit, yataḏaši wadiš anu asarušuḏ. Dala yamarad isaḇur ušabri.</big> | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| ''a'' || ''ḇaš'' || ''gali'' || Tamia || ''u-ya-sad-ø'' || ''ya'' || ''ya-sakaš-ø'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''bašad-du-t'' || ''ḏargi-t'' || ''ya-taḏ-aši'' || ''wadi-š'' || ''anu'' || ''a-saruš-uḏ'' || ''dala'' || ''ya-marad-ø'' || ''i-saḇur'' || ''u-šabri'' | |||
|- | |||
| {{sc|q}} || {{sc|1sg.nom}} || small || Tamia || {{sc|not-3sg-know-ipfv}} || and || {{sc|3sg-ask-ipfv}} || beast{{sc|-pl-gen}} || all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| different{{sc|-gen}} || {{sc|3sg-}}meet-{{sc|ipfv.act.ptcp}}|| all{{sc|-acc.anim}}|| at || {{sc|3sg.poss.encl-}}road{{sc|-loc.inan}} || then || {{sc|3sg-}}find{{sc|-ipfv}} || {{sc|det.inan-}}answer || {{sc|not-}}expected | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:<big>Gal Tamia.</big> | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| ''gal'' || ''Tamia'' | |||
|- | |||
| here (is) || Tamia | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:<big>tarag! taḇḏi!</big> | |||
:<big>Yagalgir Tamia gali.</big> | |||
:<big>a ḇaš? A gali?</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš gali? </big> | |||
:<big>A gali? Laša? Laš waḏi gali galayu! Laš gugali!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš gugali?</big> | |||
:<big>A gugali? Laša? Laš maḡi!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš maḡi?</big> | |||
:<big>A maḡi? Laša? Laš maḡa-maḡi!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš maḡa-maḡi?</big> | |||
:<big>A maḡa-maḡi? Laša? Laš ušani!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš ušani?</big> | |||
:<big>A šani? Laša? Laš nami!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš nami?</big> | |||
:<big>A nami? Laša? Laš nunami!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš nunami? </big> | |||
:<big>A nunami? Laša? Laš irḡuli!</big> | |||
:<big>A ḇaš irḡuli? </big> | |||
:<big>A irḡuli? Laša? Laš adli! </big> | |||
:<big>Adu miḏur… ḇašu! ḇaš wadi…</big> | |||
:<big>Ušani! | |||
:Gugali! | |||
:Nunami! | |||
:Irḡuli! | |||
:Adli! | |||
</big> | |||
===Sketching out syntax=== | ===Sketching out syntax=== | ||
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| ''ini'' || ''la-astu'' || ''gani'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''i-taḇaḏa'' || ''baḡd-ur-i'' || u-l-nikut-u-ø || ''ugtaḏ-in'' | | ''ini'' || ''la-astu'' || ''gani'' || ''šarraḡ-a'' || ''parḇi'' || ''i-taḇaḏa'' || ''baḡd-ur-i'' || u-l-nikut-u-ø || ''ugtaḏ-in'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | with || {{sc|2sg.poss.encl-}}laws || own || queen-{{sc|voc}}|| illustrious|| {{sc|det.inan-}}debts || pay-{{sc|pass.fut.ptcp-adj}} || {{sc|3pl.pass-pass-}}inherit{{sc|.pass}}{{sc|-3pl.pass-ipfv}} || son{{sc|-dat.anim}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
: "By your own laws, O illustrious queen, the debts that are to be paid are inherited to the son." | : "By your own laws, O illustrious queen, the debts that are to be paid are inherited to the son." | ||