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==About== | |||
Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch. | |||
==Sound changes== | |||
===unity=== | |||
#merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | #merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar] | ||
#: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''* | #: ''*ḱléwos'' → ''*kléwos'' ‘fame’ | ||
#dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | #dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss | ||
#: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' | #: *''bʰreud-tós'' → ''*bʰreussós'' ‘broken’ | ||
#metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | #metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT | ||
#: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' | #: ''*h₂rtkos'' → ''*h₂rktos'' ‘bear’ | ||
#loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | #loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style) | ||
#: *h₁e → *e~i | #: *h₁e → *e~i | ||
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#: *eh₃ → *ō | #: *eh₃ → *ō | ||
#epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | #epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants | ||
#: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' | #: ''*septṃ'' → ''*septəm'' ‘seven’ | ||
# Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H) | |||
# *h₁ → h /#_V | |||
#loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | #loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC) | ||
#: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | #: *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h) | ||
#CVHC → CV̄C | #CVHC → CV̄C | ||
# *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C | |||
#Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | #Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w | ||
# *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | # *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_ | ||
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# nasal + velar → *nn | # nasal + velar → *nn | ||
# PT, KT join TT in → *ss | # PT, KT join TT in → *ss | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*kəptós'' → ''*kəssós'' ‘taken’ | ||
#merger of *ə and short *a | #merger of *ə and short *a | ||
#fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | #fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l | ||
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#lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | #lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables | ||
#labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | #labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V | ||
#: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' | #: ''*ákwā'' → *''áwā'' ‘water’ | ||
#raising of *o after *w | #raising of *o after *w | ||
#:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' | #:''*déywos'' → ''*déywus'' ‘god’ | ||
#[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | #[-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V | ||
#lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter) | #lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter) | ||
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#loss of *w before *u | #loss of *w before *u | ||
#: *wī́wus → *wī́uz | #: *wī́wus → *wī́uz | ||
#secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future | #secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future {{sc|1sg}} and replace {{sc|1pl}}, {{sc|2pl}}, {{sc|3pl}}. | ||
#: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | #: ''*kā́pyeōn'' < (''*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m''); ''*kā́psyeōn'' ( < ''*keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m'') | ||
#: ''*kāpyéme'' < (''*kh₂p-ye-mé'') | |||
# *ō → *ā | # *ō → *ā | ||
#: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān'' | #: ''*kā́psyeōn'' → ''*kā́psyeān'' | ||
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#: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'') | #: ''*bʰóweyeān'' → ''*bʰówæyæān'' ‘I warn’ ( < ''*bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m'') | ||
#Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | #Shift to strong initial expiratory stress | ||
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ | |||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' | ===end of unity=== | ||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# | → [[User:Chrysophylax/pf]] | ||
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' | ↓ Dhannic | ||
# *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch) | |||
#: ''*kā́pyæān'' → ''*kā́βyæān'' ‘I seize’ | |||
# *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular) | |||
#: ''*wī́uz'' → ''*wīur'' ‘alive’ | |||
#merger of locative and instrumental cases | #merger of locative and instrumental cases | ||
# *x → *s / _s | # *x → *s / _s | ||
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|}</ref> | |}</ref> | ||
# fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | # fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ | ||
#: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' | #: ''*néβāt'' → ''*nébʰāt'' ‘nephew’ | ||
# ''-yā'' (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly. | |||
# unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | # unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction) | ||
#: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' | #: ''*pádʰēr'' → ''*pádʰair'' ‘father’ | ||
# contraction | # contraction | ||
#: *o + *e → *ē | #: *o + *e → *ē | ||
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#medial -y- loss | #medial -y- loss | ||
#: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’ | #: ''*dyáyusta'' → ''*dyáusta'' ‘like a god’ | ||
#loss of initial | #loss of initial *H in clusters. | ||
#: ''* | #: ''*Hrosā'' → ''*rosā'' ( < *Hroseh₂ ) | ||
#shortening of long final vowels after a stressed syllable | #shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable | ||
#: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | #: ''*wórān'' → ''*wóran'' ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m) | ||
#vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | #vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V | ||
#: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur'' | #: ''*dyáur'' → ''*diáur'' | ||
#<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s> | #<s>V:, V:C and VCC become standard</s> | ||
#<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s> | #<s>: ''*wóran'' → ''*wṓrann'' </s> | ||
# *ew → *u: | # *ew → *u: | ||
#: ''*lewmana'' → ''*lūmana'' 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂) | #: ''*lewmana'' → ''*lūmana'' 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂) | ||
===later developments=== | |||
# *æ → *e | |||
# {{sc|1sg.fut}} is de-iotated by analogy with the {{sc|1sg.pres}} | |||
#: ''*kā́ssjan'' → ''*kā́ssan'' ‘I will seize’ | |||
#loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out | |||
#: ''*bʰriágar'' → ''*bʰriága'' ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér) | |||
#: ''*bʰriágror'' → ''*bʰriágandho'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | |||
#Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them. | |||
#: ''*kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai'' ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey) | |||
#: ''*pā́rssat sān so'' ‘He '''is''' asking her’ vs. ''*so sān pā́rssat'' ‘he asks her’ | |||
#A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies. | |||
#:''*palla'' ‘several fortifications’ → ''*palla'' ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂) | |||
#:''*walla'' ‘set of wheels’ → ''*walla'' ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂) | |||
# syllable bounding *n is lengthened | |||
#: ''*kiasmanar'' → ''*kiasmannar'' ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’) | |||
#loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3. | |||
#:''*aliendʰi'' → ''*aliendʰ'' ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti) | |||
#:''*bʰriágandʰo'' → ''*bʰriágandʰ'' ‘they are brought to ruin’ | |||
===even later=== | |||
# final n is lengthened | |||
#: | |||
===auronian dh.=== | |||
# g → Ø / #_V | |||
#: ombhor ''spike'' < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. ''gomfr'' | |||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||