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User:Waahlis/Sandbox/Ris: Difference between revisions

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→‎Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases
 
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<!-- {{Ris sidebar}} -->
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |Glossing abbreviations used on this page
|-
! style="width: 100px; "|Abbreviation
! style="width: 250px; "|Meaning
|-
| 1
|first person
|-
|2
|second person
|-
|3
|third person
|-
|~
|reduplication (preceded by its significance)
|-
| -
|morpheme separator
|-
|.
|grammatical function separator
|-
|ADF
|adjective or adverb
|-
|PAT
|patientive
|-
|AGT
|agentive
|-
|INV.PAT
|inverse patientive ~ agentive
|-
|INV.AGT
|inverse agentive ~ patientive
|-
|SG
|singulative ~ singular
|-
|PL
|plurative ~ plural
|-
|DC
|dual-collective
|-
|ACT
|active voice
|-
|IND
|indicative
|-
|IMP
|imperative
|-
|PRFV
|perfective
|-
|IPVF
|imperfective
|-
|ITR
|iterative
|-
|I
|marked collective, animate
|-
|II
|marked collective, inanimate
|-
|III
|unmarked collective, animate
|-
|IV
|unmarked collective inanimate
|-
|}
==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
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|phrase = Ānkouro.
|phrase = Ānkouro.
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = ānkour-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = I fell.
|translation = I fell.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Sausani hentai inistin.
|phrase = Mīthrani hentai inistin.
|IPA = /ˈsawsanɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
|IPA = /ˈmɪːθranɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
|morphemes = sausa-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|morphemes = mīthra-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|gloss = pig.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADJ.PAT to exist-ACT.IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
}}
}}
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|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}}
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}}
| gloss = to hit-ACT.IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Hit the bird.
| translation = Hit the bird.
}}
}}
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...
|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈtɛskʰɔ/
|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG to smash.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
}}
}}
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|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG to write-ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I am writing a letter.
|translation = I am writing a letter.
}}
}}
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|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG ACT.IND.ITR~to run-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|translation = He is running around.
|translation = He is running around.
}}
}}
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|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| translation = I purposely trip...!
| translation = I purposely trip...!
}}
}}


===Inverse marking: Unergatives and unaccusatives===
===Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases===
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.  
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.  


An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative.
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
|morphemes = ekras-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = to crash.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = The car crashed.
|translation = The car crashed.
}}
}}
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|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to cry.ACT.IND-IMPV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = I fell.
|translation = Mother cries.
}}
}}


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|phrase = Ngaos.
|phrase = Ngaos.
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
|morphemes = nga-{{red|os}}
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|gloss = to sleep.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
}}
}}
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have an agent as their subject.
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = He gāmi!
|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
|morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue|i}}
|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = He's coming!
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Antiou rhaistos...
|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red|os}}
|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{red|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I sleep-talk in the night.
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ti rhās?
|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
|morphemes = ti rha-∅-{{red|as}}
|gloss = what.PAT.SG talk.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
|translation = What are you trying to say?
}}
 
{{Gloss
|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!
|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
|morphemes = kiniz-∅-{{red|as}}
|gloss = drive.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
}}
==Other==
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