User:Waahlis/Sketches: Difference between revisions

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==On the Syntax and Topic of Tsan==
==Tsan==
===1. Dynamic and Stative verbals===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsible" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
 
|-
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
! colspan="7"|Stative and dynamic affixes
|+
|-
<!-- Sentence -->
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>person</small> →
| colspan="4"|'''Árá gáari.'''
! scope="col"|1
 
! scope="col"|2
!
! scope="col"|3.PROX (3)
 
! scope="col"|3.OBV (4)
| colspan="5"| '''Árá ágáari.'''
! scope="col"|0
 
|-
!
| ''-w-''
 
| ''-k-''
| colspan="5"|'''Árá ságáari.'''
| -
| ''-y-''
| ''-h-''
|-
! colspan="7"|Stative
|-
! scope="row"|<small>homus</small>
| ''-á-''
| ''-wá''
| ''-ká''
| -
| ''-yá''
| ''-há''
|-
! scope="row"|<small>heterus</small>
| ''-í-''
| ''-wí''
| ''-kí''
| ''-í''
| ''-yi''
| ''-hí''
|-
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"| Suffixing of ''-n''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="7"|Dynamic
| colspan="4"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="5"| /áɣa acáːɣɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="5"|/áɣa sacáːɣɪ/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! scope="row"|<small>homus</small>
|á-
| ''-u-''
|rá
|''wu-''
|gáar
|''ku-''
| -i
|''u-''
!
|''yu-''
 
|''hu-''
|á-
|rá
|á-
|gáar
| -i
 
!
 
|á-
 
|rá
|sá-
|gáar
| -i
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
! scope="row"|<small>heterus</small>
|{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|''-a-''
|like
|''wa-''
|read
|''ka-''
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
|''a-''
 
|''ya-''
!
|''ha-''
 
 
|{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
!
 
 
|{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.2.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| colspan="4"| ''I like the book.''
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"|Partial reduplication of dynamic prefix ''CV- > CVCV-''
 
!
 
| colspan="5"| ''I like when I read.'' (''I like to read'')
 
!
 
| colspan="5"|''I like when you read.''
 
|}
|}
 
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible  mw-collapsible" style="width: 500px; text-align:center;"
===2. The Topic===
|-
 
! colspan="7"|Alienable and inalienable affixes
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|-
|+
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>person</small> →
<!-- Sentence -->
! scope="col"|1
| colspan="5"|'''Árás gáari.'''
! scope="col"|2
 
! scope="col"|3.PROX (3)
!
! scope="col"|3.OBV (4)
 
! scope="col"|0
| colspan="5"| '''Árá gáaris.'''
|-
 
| ''-w-''
!
| ''-k-''
 
| -
| colspan="6"|'''Árátsa gáaris'''
| ''-y-''
| ''-h-''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="7"|Alienable
| colspan="5"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪs/
 
!
 
| colspan="5"| /áɣas cáːɣɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="6"|/áɣatsa cáːɣɪs/
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! scope="row"|<small>homus</small>
|á-
| rowspan="2"|''-uni-''
|rá
| rowspan="2"| ''wuni-''
| -s
| rowspan="2"| ''kuni-''
|gáar
| rowspan="2"|''uni-''
| -i
| rowspan="2"|''yuni-''
!
| rowspan="2"|''huni-''
 
|á-
|rá
|gáar
| -i-
| -s
 
!
 
|á-
|rá
| -tsa
|gáar
| -i
| -s
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
! scope="row"|<small>heterus</small>
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|topic}}
|read
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
 
!
 
 
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|read
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
!
 
 
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|neg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| colspan="5"| ''As for me, I like the book.''
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"| Suffixing of ''-n''
 
!
 
| colspan="5"| ''I like the BOOK.''<sup>1</sup>
 
!
 
| colspan="6"|''I DON'T like the book.''
|}
 
 
# In English, one would stress the subject in the second sentence, I, but the book would still be the topic: "'''I''' don't like the book, but you do".
 
===2.1 The Topic and Passivisation===
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Éshis thagátsan yéenínayih.'''
 
!
 
| colspan="8"| '''Éshi thagátsan yéenínayis.'''
 
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
! colspan="7"|Inalienable
| colspan="9"|/ɛ́ɕɪs θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh/
 
!
 
| colspan="8"|/lɛ́ɕɪ θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs/
 
!
 
|-
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
! scope="row"|<small>homus</small>
|esh
| rowspan="2"|''-yu-''
| -i-
| rowspan="2"|''wyu-''
| -s
| rowspan="2"|''kyu-''
|‹tha›
| rowspan="2"|''yu-''
|gátsa
| rowspan="2"|''yu-''
| ‹n›
| rowspan="2"|''hyu-''
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yih›
!
 
|esh
| -i
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|-
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
! scope="row"|<small>heterus</small>
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
 
!
 
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
 
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
!
 
|-
|-
<!-- Translations -->
! scope="row"|<small>plural</small>
| colspan="9"| ''The DOG bit the girl.''
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"|Partial reduplication of inalienable prefix ''CV- > CVCV-''
|}


!
==Modern Spanish==
'''Kasteyanu moernu''' - [kaht̪e̞ˈd͡ʒãnʊ mɔˈʋe̞rnʊ]


| colspan="8"| ''The dog bit the GIRL.'' or ''The GIRL was bitten by the dog''
[ʊɱˈfrɪːə məɲˈjanə ˈlə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː ə̃pe̞ˈzað̞ʊ ə zʊplaː zɔβ̞rə ʊmpe̞ˈkɪɲjʊ pwe̞β̞lʊ kaʊ̯ˈzãð̞ʊ ðe̞tːˈrɔsɔ | ke̞ː ʍe̞rtə zɔ zə ˈhaɪ̯tawə lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ ʊnːʊβˈzɪtə kə lʊ ɔsːe̞rˈβaʋə lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | tʊ tə ˈkrɪə mʊ ˈʍe̞rtə prʊ ʎə zɔl e̞ maː ˈʍe̞rtə kə tʊ| mɔˈʎɪtːʊ lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː β̞ʊskað̞ʊ alˈsɔl ɪ lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | be̞z a aˈke̞ʎ ɔ̃βrə kɔ̃ zʊˈkapə | kʃẽ̞ː ˈlɔɣrə kɪˈtaːze̞ʎə zəˈra maː ˈʍe̞rtə]
|}


===2.2 The Topic, Passivisation and Incorporation===
For funzies.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Tha'éshigátsan yéenínayis.'''


!
==Ashanti==
'''As ashanti''' - /as ͜ aˈʃãˑtɪ/


| colspan="6"| '''Thagátsan yéenínayis.'''
{{Gloss
|phrase = A àta ta krá
|IPA = /a aːta ta kʁaʔ/
|morphemes = a àta ta krá
|gloss = IMP NEC you.2SG.ACT to_come.PRS
|translation = Come! You have to!
}}


|-
==Ajami==
<!-- Pronunciation-->
'''Al-ājami'''  - /æɫˈæːd͡ʒəmɪ/
| colspan="9"|/θaʔɛ́ɕɪqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh/


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = Jamāʻa as-sunnām wah ad-dinī.
|IPA = /d͡ʒæˈmæːʔə æsːunˈnæːm wæɦ ædˤːɪˈnɪː/
|morphemes = jamāʻa as-sunnāh wah ad-dinī
|gloss = to_welcome/IMP.2SG.LOW the.DEF.III.SG-people.III.ACC.SG to there
|translation = Welcome the people there.
}}


| colspan="6"|/θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs/


!


|-
*« ''Jā jihāʻuma ar-rasāyyah rījan i rūnan, abhir inajihāʻumān duni. Assadām.'' »
<!-- Morphemes-->
*:"You have let most of the women and men out, but you have not yet let the dogs out. You should."
|‹tha›
| -'-
| -esh-
| -i-
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->


|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
==Glossy glossy==
| {{sc|con}}
{{Gloss
|bark
|phrase = we’akima’orī
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg.con}}
|IPA = /wɛʔaqɯmaʔɔˈrɨː/
|bite
|morphemes = we’a-ki-ma’orī
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|gloss = 1>3-SG-to_kill
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|translation = I kill him.
|be girly
}}
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = we’akimani’orī
|IPA = /wɛʔaqɯmanɪʔɔˈrɨː/
|morphemes = we’a-ki-ma<ni>’orī
|gloss = 1>3-SG-to_kill<FUT>
|translation = I will kill him.
}}


|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
{{Gloss
|bite
|phrase = kiwe’akimani’orī
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|IPA = /qɯwɛʔaqɯmaʔɔˈrɨː/
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|morphemes = ki-we’a-ki-ma<ni>’orī
|be girly
|gloss = 1SG>3SG-to_kill<FUT>
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
|translation = I will kill him.
!
}}


|-
{{Gloss
<!-- Translations -->
|phrase = kiwe’amani’orī
| colspan="9"| ''The GIRL was dog-bitten.''
|IPA = /qɯwɛʔamaʔɔˈrɨː/
|morphemes = ki-we’a-ma<ni>’orī
|gloss = SG-1>3-to_kill<FUT>
|translation = I will kill them.  
}}


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = kiwe’anomani’orī
|IPA = /qɯwɛʔanɔmaʔɔˈrɨː/
|morphemes = ki-we’a-no-ma<ni>’orī
|gloss = SG-1>3-PL-to_kill<FUT>
|translation = I will kill them.
}}


| colspan="6"| ''The GIRL was bitten.''
{{Gloss
|}
|phrase = nowe’amani’orī
|IPA = /nɔqɯwɛʔamaʔɔˈrɨː/
|morphemes = no-we’a-ma<ni>’orī
|gloss =  PL-1>3-to_kill<FUT>
|translation = We will kill him.
}}


===2.3 The Topic and the Relativiser===
[[Category:User:Waahlis]]

Latest revision as of 16:58, 18 May 2014

Tsan

Stative and dynamic affixes
person → 1 2 3.PROX (3) 3.OBV (4) 0
-w- -k- - -y- -h-
Stative
homus -á- -wá -ká - -yá -há
heterus -í- -wí -kí -í -yi -hí
plural Suffixing of -n
Dynamic
homus -u- wu- ku- u- yu- hu-
heterus -a- wa- ka- a- ya- ha-
plural Partial reduplication of dynamic prefix CV- > CVCV-
Alienable and inalienable affixes
person → 1 2 3.PROX (3) 3.OBV (4) 0
-w- -k- - -y- -h-
Alienable
homus -uni- wuni- kuni- uni- yuni- huni-
heterus
plural Suffixing of -n
Inalienable
homus -yu- wyu- kyu- yu- yu- hyu-
heterus
plural Partial reduplication of inalienable prefix CV- > CVCV-

Modern Spanish

Kasteyanu moernu - [kaht̪e̞ˈd͡ʒãnʊ mɔˈʋe̞rnʊ]

[ʊɱˈfrɪːə məɲˈjanə ˈlə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː ə̃pe̞ˈzað̞ʊ ə zʊplaː zɔβ̞rə ʊmpe̞ˈkɪɲjʊ pwe̞β̞lʊ kaʊ̯ˈzãð̞ʊ ðe̞tːˈrɔsɔ | ke̞ː ʍe̞rtə zɔ zə ˈhaɪ̯tawə lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ ʊnːʊβˈzɪtə kə lʊ ɔsːe̞rˈβaʋə lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | tʊ tə ˈkrɪə mʊ ˈʍe̞rtə prʊ ʎə zɔl e̞ maː ˈʍe̞rtə kə tʊ| mɔˈʎɪtːʊ lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː β̞ʊskað̞ʊ alˈsɔl ɪ lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | be̞z a aˈke̞ʎ ɔ̃βrə kɔ̃ zʊˈkapə | kʃẽ̞ː ˈlɔɣrə kɪˈtaːze̞ʎə zəˈra maː ˈʍe̞rtə]

For funzies.

Ashanti

As ashanti - /as ͜ aˈʃãˑtɪ/

A àta ta krá
/a aːta ta kʁaʔ/
a àta ta krá
IMP NEC you.2SG.ACT to_come.PRS
Come! You have to!

Ajami

Al-ājami - /æɫˈæːd͡ʒəmɪ/

Jamāʻa as-sunnām wah ad-dinī.
/d͡ʒæˈmæːʔə æsːunˈnæːm wæɦ ædˤːɪˈnɪː/
jamāʻa as-sunnāh wah ad-dinī
to_welcome/IMP.2SG.LOW the.DEF.III.SG-people.III.ACC.SG to there
Welcome the people there.


  • « Jā jihāʻuma ar-rasāyyah rījan i rūnan, abhir inajihāʻumān duni. Assadām. »
    "You have let most of the women and men out, but you have not yet let the dogs out. You should."

Glossy glossy

we’akima’orī
/wɛʔaqɯmaʔɔˈrɨː/
we’a-ki-ma’orī
1>3-SG-to_kill
I kill him.
we’akimani’orī
/wɛʔaqɯmanɪʔɔˈrɨː/
we’a-ki-ma<ni>’orī
1>3-SG-to_kill<FUT>
I will kill him.
kiwe’akimani’orī
/qɯwɛʔaqɯmaʔɔˈrɨː/
ki-we’a-ki-ma<ni>’orī
1SG>3SG-to_kill<FUT>
I will kill him.
kiwe’amani’orī
/qɯwɛʔamaʔɔˈrɨː/
ki-we’a-ma<ni>’orī
SG-1>3-to_kill<FUT>
I will kill them.
kiwe’anomani’orī
/qɯwɛʔanɔmaʔɔˈrɨː/
ki-we’a-no-ma<ni>’orī
SG-1>3-PL-to_kill<FUT>
I will kill them.
nowe’amani’orī
/nɔqɯwɛʔamaʔɔˈrɨː/
no-we’a-ma<ni>’orī
PL-1>3-to_kill<FUT>
We will kill him.
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