Valthungian/Rules: Difference between revisions
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''This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier [[Gutish/Rules#Glide_Insertion|East Germanic Glide Insertion]] rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Gutish grammar. | ''This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier [[Gutish/Rules#Glide_Insertion|East Germanic Glide Insertion]] rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Gutish grammar. | ||
{| | |||
∅ → j / V | |- | ||
∅ → w / V | || ∅ || → || j || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || ___ || + || V | ||
|- | |||
|| || || || || -bck | |||
|- | |||
|| || || || || -low | |||
|- | |||
|| ∅ || → || w || / ||style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || V ||style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px; border-bottom:solid black 1px;" rowspan="3"| || ___ || + || V | |||
|- | |||
|| || || || || +bck | |||
|- | |||
|| || || || || -low | |||
|} | |||
#/j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī). | #/j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī). | ||
#/w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū). | #/w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū). | ||
#E.g. | |||
E.g. | #*''ija'' ‘her’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Short_Vowel_Lengthening|Short Vowel Lengthening]] → /īa/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → īja → (''ev.'') /aija/ ''īja'' | ||
#*''rauan'' /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Stressed_Long_Vowel_Raising|Stressed Long Vowel Raising]] → /rōan/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → /rōwan/ (''ev.'') /rōn/ ''rǭn'' | |||
*''ija'' ‘her’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Short_Vowel_Lengthening|Short Vowel Lengthening]] → /īa/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → īja → (''ev.'') /aija/ ''īja'' | |||
*''rauan'' /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + [[Gutish/Rules#Stressed_Long_Vowel_Raising|Stressed Long Vowel Raising]] → /rōan/ + [[Gutish/Rules#Expansion_of_Gothic_Glide_Insertion|Glide Insertion Exp]] → /rōwan/ (''ev.'') /rōn/ ''rǭn'' | |||
===Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)=== | ===Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)=== | ||
Revision as of 18:11, 22 January 2018
Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)
First Umlaut
Has to precede Mora Loss
Has to precede ŋ-deletion
Stage 1.
e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.
Stage 2.
e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.
(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.)
/ŋ/-Deletion
Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh
A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).
Intervocalic Spirantization
C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V
In other words,
b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V
A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.
EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut
This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut
i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾
/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/
Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/
Has to precede Mora Loss
ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]Co#
Mora Loss
Coronal Consonant Deletion
Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion
Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening
Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)
[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing
z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#
/z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.
E.g. *weraz ‘man’, *drusaz ‘fall’ → /wirz/, /drusz/ → waír, drus → wer, drus.
h-Deletion
Long Vowel Lowering
Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)
Glide Insertion
m-Assimilation
Change of Initial fl to þl
r,n-Dissimilation
Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a
Thurneysen's Law
EGmc Verschärfung Stage II
Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Gutish (ca. 400-800a.d.)
Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion
This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier East Germanic Glide Insertion rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Gutish grammar.
| ∅ | → | j | / | V | ___ | + | V | ||
| -bck | |||||||||
| -low | |||||||||
| ∅ | → | w | / | V | ___ | + | V | ||
| +bck | |||||||||
| -low |
- /j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī).
- /w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū).
- E.g.
- ija ‘her’ + Short Vowel Lengthening → /īa/ + Glide Insertion Exp → īja → (ev.) /aija/ īja
- rauan /rɔ̄an/ ‘to row’ + Stressed Long Vowel Raising → /rōan/ + Glide Insertion Exp → /rōwan/ (ev.) /rōn/ rǭn
Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)
| C | → | [-vox] | / | ___ | { -vox | ||
| +vox | {# | ||||||
| +obs | |||||||
| +cnt |
- A voiced continuant obstruent (/v/, /ð/, or /z/) becomes unvoiced (/f/, /þ/, or /s/, respectively) before another unvoiced consonant or when word-final.
- This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic, and remains persistent throughout the transition to Classical Gutish.
- E.g. wivna ‘to weave’ has preterite wōf ‘wove’