Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)
First Umlaut
Has to precede Mora Loss
Has to precede ŋ-deletion
Stage 1.
e → i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
/e/ → /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.
Stage 2.
e → i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+
/e/ → /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.
(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.)
ŋ-Deletion
Vŋh → V[+lng, +nas]Øh
A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).
Intervocalic Spirantization
EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut
Monophthongization
Has to precede Mora Loss
Mora Loss
Coronal Consonant Deletion
Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion
Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening
Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)
[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]
z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing
h-Deletion
Long Vowel Lowering
Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)
Glide Insertion
m-Assimilation
Change of Initial fl to þl
r,n-Dissimilation
Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a
Thurneysen's Law
EGmc Verschärfung Stage II
Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Gutish (ca. 400-800a.d.)
Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion
Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)
Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)
Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion
Stop Insertion after Nasals
Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/
Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters
Clitic Separation
Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)
Short Vowel Lengthening
Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung
Long Diphthong Extension
Glide Deletion
Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/
Diphthong Changes
Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Gutish (ca. 800-1200a.d.)
Rejection of Greek Fricatives
Rhotacism
Stressed Long Vowel Raising
Vowel Tensing
Deletion and Assimilation of /h/
Palatalisation & Affrication
Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion
Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Gutish (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)
Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion
Unpacking
Deletion of /b,f/
Deletion of /g/ between Nasals