Valthungian/Rules

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Historical Sound Changes from Proto-Germanic to East Germanic (ca. 400b.c.-0)

First Umlaut

Has to precede Mora Loss

Has to precede ŋ-deletion

Stage 1.

e > i / V[+str] … __[-str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+

/e/ > /i/ when unstressed following a stressed vowel except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.

Stage 2.

e > i / __[+str] ! {r,h⁽ʷ⁾,+

/e/ > /i/ when stressed except before /r/, /h/, /hʷ/, or a morpheme boundary.

(Stage 3: See EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut.)

/ŋ/-Deletion

Vŋh > V[+lng, +nas]Øh

A vowel, followed by the sequence /ŋh/ (where /h/=[h,x]), becomes long and nasal and /ŋ/ is deleted (in all environments).

Intervocalic Spirantization

C[+vce,-cnt] > [+cnt] / V__V

In other words,

b,d,g > β,ð,γ / V__V

A voiced non-continuant consonant (i.e. a voiced stop) becomes continuant (i.e. a fricative) when intervocalic.

EGmc Reflex of 1st Umlaut

This rule is really "Stage 3" of First Umlaut, also called East Germanic Expansion of First Umlaut

i,u > e,o / __[+str]{r,h⁽ʷ⁾

/i/ becomes /e/ and /u/ becomes /o/ when stressed before /r/, /h/, or /hʷ/

Monophthongization of Unstressed /ai, au/

Has to precede Mora Loss

ai,au > ɛ̄,ɔ̄ / σ[-str]__[-str]Co#

Mora Loss

Coronal Consonant Deletion

Unstr. Final Short Vowel Deletion

Final Unstr. Long Vowel Shortening

Historical Sound Changes from East-Germanic to Gothic (ca. 0-400a.d.)

[these changes still need to be ordered correctly]

z-Deletion, Obstruent Devoicing

z → ∅ / V[-lng]{r,s}___#

/z/ is deleted word-finally after a short vowel followed by /r/ or /s/.

E.g. *weraz ‘man’, *drusaz ‘fall’ → /wirz/, /drusz/ → waír, druswer, drus.

h-Deletion

Long Vowel Lowering

Glide Gemination (EGmc Verschärfung Stage I)

Glide Insertion

m-Assimilation

Change of Initial fl to þl

r,n-Dissimilation

Change of am to um, Post-tonic e to a

Thurneysen's Law

EGmc Verschärfung Stage II

Historical Sound Changes from Gothic to Old Gutish (ca. 400-800a.d.)

Expansion of Gothic Glide Insertion

This is a slightly altered continuation of the earlier East Germanic Glide Insertion rule; the rule remains persistent throughout Gutish grammar.

j /   V   ___ + V
-bck
-low
w /   V   ___ + V
+bck
-low
  1. /j/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low front vowel (e,ē,i,ī).
  2. /w/ is inserted between two vowels, the first of which is a non-low back vowel (o,ō,u,ū).
  3. E.g.

Obstruent Devoicing (Persistent)

  C   [-vox] / ___ { -vox
+vox         {#
+obs          
+cnt          
  1. A voiced continuant obstruent (/v/, /ð/, or /z/) becomes unvoiced (/f/, /þ/, or /s/, respectively) before another unvoiced consonant or when word-final.
  2. This is a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic, and remains persistent throughout the transition to Classical Gutish.
  3. E.g. wivna ‘to weave’ has preterite wōf ‘wove’

Geminate Simplification (Type I, Persistent)

Intervocalic Voiced Stop to Fricative Expansion

Stop Insertion after Nasals

Expansion of East Germanic /fl/-to-/θl/

Voicing and Devoicing of Obstruent Clusters

Clitic Separation

Geminate Simplification (Type II, Synchronic)

Short Vowel Lengthening

Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung

Long Diphthong Extension

Glide Deletion

Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/

Diphthong Changes

Historical Sound Changes from Old to Middle Gutish (ca. 800-1200a.d.)

Rejection of Greek Fricatives

Rhotacism

Stressed Long Vowel Raising

Vowel Tensing

Deletion and Assimilation of /h/

Palatalisation & Affrication

Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion

Historical Sound Changes from Middle to Classical Gutish (ca. 1200-1600a.d.)

Unstressed Vowel Reduction and Deletion

Unpacking

Deletion of /b,f/

Deletion of /g/ between Nasals