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→Comparative constructions
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====Word==== | ====Word==== | ||
The word is composed out of syllables but has additional properties that set it apart. A word may only end with either a vowel | The word is composed out of syllables but has additional properties that set it apart. A word may only end with either a vowel, sonorant, or a sibilant. | ||
===Morphophonology=== | ===Morphophonology=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nominal morphology is sparse in Van. Number is not marked, but definiteness and state of possession is. Both definiteness and alienable possession is marked with the prefix '''ha-'''. Inalienable possession is not marked at all. | |||
===Verbal | ===Demonstratives and quantifiers=== | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
===Verbal inflection=== | |||
Verbs are morphologically simple in Van and the few inflections which exist compound in an agglutinative fashion according to the following principle: '''stem''' + '''mode''' + '''voice'''. | Verbs are morphologically simple in Van and the few inflections which exist compound in an agglutinative fashion according to the following principle: '''stem''' + '''mode''' + '''voice'''. | ||
====Mode==== | ====Mode==== | ||
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The distinction between dynamic and stative is most readily gleaned in the example opposition ''kore tan mir, pa-kon'' ‘I am in love with you, bacon’ (state) vs. ''kora tan mir, pa-kon'' ‘I am loving you, bacon’ (action). | The distinction between dynamic and stative is most readily gleaned in the example opposition ''kore tan mir, pa-kon'' ‘I am in love with you, bacon’ (state) vs. ''kora tan mir, pa-kon'' ‘I am loving you, bacon’ (action). | ||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Two voices are recognised in Van, the active ({{sc|act}}) and the nonactive ({{sc|nonact}}). Of these, the default voice is the active one which is unmarked | Two voices are recognised in Van, the active ({{sc|act}}) and the nonactive ({{sc|nonact}}). Of these, the default voice is the active one which is unmarked. The nonactive is indicated by an '''-s''' suffix. | ||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
==== | ====Derived verbs==== | ||
It is quite easy to create new verbs: any noun or stem can be turned into a verb by adding the appropriate mode suffix ('''-a''' for dynamic verbs or '''-e''' for stative verbs). | |||
====Derived nouns==== | |||
There are several semantically-restricted options for creating a new noun from a verb. | There are several semantically-restricted options for creating a new noun from a verb. | ||
*'''Nomen agentis''': prefix ''li-'' to the stem of the verb. Thus, ''love'' ‘alive, living’ whose stem is ''lov-'' becomes ''lilov'' ‘being’. | *'''Nomen agentis''': prefix ''li-'' to the stem of the verb. Thus, ''love'' ‘alive, living’ whose stem is ''lov-'' becomes ''lilov'' ‘being’. | ||
*'''Nomen actionis''': add the definite marker to the stem of the verb. ''laja'' ‘sing’ → ''halaj'' ‘the act of singing’ | *'''Nomen actionis''': add the definite marker to the stem of the verb. ''laja'' ‘sing’ → ''halaj'' ‘the act of singing’ | ||
*'''Nomen instrumentis''': suffix ''-ka''; ''jasa'' ‘to | *'''Nomen instrumentis''': instruments or tools that go with a verb; marked with the suffix ''-ka''; ''jasa'' ‘to watch’ → ''jasaka'' ‘glasses’ | ||
*'''Nomen obiecti''': suffix ''-las''; added to transitive verbs | *'''Nomen obiecti''': suffix ''-las''; added to transitive verbs denote the object of an action. ''laja'' ‘sing’ → ''lajalas'' ‘song’ | ||
There is one operation available to derive nouns from nouns: the collective ({{sc|COLL}}) reduplication, which usually a full initial L→R reduplication. However, for polysyllabic words, only the first CV pair is copied. | |||
*'''ha-tav''' ‘a feeling’ → '''ha-tatav''' ‘sentiments, emotional state’ | |||
*'''ha-tok''' ‘a chicken’ → '''ha-toktok''' {{CIPA|[ʔa̰d̪ɔg̚d̪ɔ̰k̞͡x̞]}} ‘poultry’ | |||
*'''ha-lilov''' ‘a being’ → '''ha-lililov''' ‘humanity’ ( and not **ha-lilovlilov) | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
:‘Your language’ | :‘Your language’ | ||
Intrinsically possessed nouns or obligatorily possessed nouns like ''vas'' ‘head’ do not get prefixed with the possessive marker. | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
|''vas''||''tan'' | |||
|- | |||
|head||{{sc|1sg}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:‘My head’ | |||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
The prototypical verb phrases is composed of the phrasal head, any enclitics, subject pronoun. | |||
====Intransitive==== | |||
:{| | |||
|''karesi tan'' | |||
|- | |||
|''kar-e=si''||''tan'' | |||
|- | |||
|grey-{{sc|stat}}={{sc|little}}||{{sc|1sg}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:‘I'm a little bit grey’ | |||
====Transitive==== | |||
A transitive verb requires at least an object (O) in addition to the previous type. | |||
:{| | |||
|''lana tan ha-tok'' | |||
|- | |||
|''lan-a''||''tan''||''ha-tok'' | |||
|- | |||
|cook-{{sc|dyn}}||{{sc|1sg}}||{{sc|def-}}chicken | |||
|} | |||
:‘I cook the chook’ | |||
A transitive verb with discarded object and second argument promotion with the directive marker '''-e'''. | |||
:{| | |||
|''nimańa laja tan mire'' | |||
|- | |||
|''ni=mań-a''||''laj-a''||''tan''||''mir=e'' | |||
|- | |||
|{{sc|perhaps}}=try-{{sc|dyn}}||sing-{{sc|dyn}}||{{sc|1sg}}||{{sc|2sg}}={{sc|dir}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:‘Perhaps I should try to sing for you’ | |||
====Non-active constructions==== | ====Non-active constructions==== | ||
In non-active constructions (autostative, passive, mediopassive; all formed with [-s]) the word order remains the same as in the default word order. | In non-active constructions (autostative, passive, reciprocal, mediopassive; all formed with [-s]) the word order remains the same as in the default word order. | ||
(3.) ''autostative'' | (3.) ''autostative'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
:‘I make you happy’ | :‘I make you happy’ | ||
(8.) | |||
:{| | |||
|''vel-a=vaj''||''mer-e=si''||''mir''||''tan''|| | |||
|- | |||
|strike-{{sc|dyn}}={{sc|suddenly}}||sorrowful-{{sc|stat}}={{sc|little}}||{{sc|2sg}}||{{sc|1sg}} | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
:‘You hit me suddenly and (it makes me) a bit sad’ | |||
====Comparative constructions==== | ====Comparative constructions==== | ||
Comparative constructions are created with the conjunction ''mar'' in the pattern {{sc|VP }} '''mar''' {{sc|VP}} | Comparative constructions are created with the conjunction ''mar'' in the pattern {{sc|VP }} '''mar''' {{sc|VP}}. | ||
( | The second {{sc|VP}} can be replaced with the common pro-verb ''vań-'' as in the second example. | ||
(9.) | |||
:{| | :{| | ||
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:‘Johanna is redder than Nancy’ | :‘Johanna is redder than Nancy’ | ||
( | (10.) | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
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* sa- ‘not’, prefix | * sa- ‘not’, prefix | ||
* ta- ‘good’, prefix | * ta- ‘good’, prefix | ||
* ni- ‘perhaps’, prefix | |||
* -si ‘a little bit’, suffix | |||
* -ke ‘fast, quickly’, suffix | |||
* -vaj ‘suddenly’, suffix | |||
* no- general intensifier, prefix | * no- general intensifier, prefix | ||
* vańa, -e, dummy verb, a pro-verb. | * vańa, -e, dummy verb, a pro-verb. Also the causative dummy verb. | ||
* ta ‘from’, adverb | * ta ‘from’, adverb | ||
* jin ‘here’ | * jin ‘here’ | ||
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* lana ‘whisper’, -e ‘be quiet’ | * lana ‘whisper’, -e ‘be quiet’ | ||
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[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Van]] | [[Category:Van]] | ||