Verse:Irta/English: Difference between revisions

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:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Non-Azalic etyma]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = English
|name = English
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]]
|creator = diachronics by [[User:Praimhín]]
|nativename = Inglish
|
|pronunciation = /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
|state = Spain, United States, India, Australia, New Zealand ...
|region = Turkey, Armenia, Northern Levant, Iran
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Azalic]]
|fam2=[[Azalic]]
|fam3=L-Middle English
|script1=Latn
|script=Latin script
}}
}}


'''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. (Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''.)
'''English in the Irta timeline''' (Thurish: ''yȧzalathā nowā'', Riphean: ''āzaliske rstine''; names that sound like "Azalic" are used in Northern Europe, but Latin and Romance use names from Latin ''Anglica'', from the native name ''əngoilisχ'') is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography created by Praimhín. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.
 
It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[Modern An Bhlaoighne]] and [[L-Persian]].


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
===PTTA to Middle TT-English===
===Middle TT-English to Modern TT-English===


==Orthography==
English in Lõis has three writing systems: the Togarmite abugida, the Hebrew abjad (always with vowel pointing) and the Latin alphabet.
===Togarmite===
===Hebrew===
Consonants:
*/m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג
*/p t ts tʃ k Ø/ = פ ט צ צש ק א
*/b d dʒ g/ = ב ד דש ג
*/f θ s ʃ h/ = ף ת ס ש ה
*/v ð z ʒ/ = ב' ד' ז זש
*/w r l j/ = ו ר ל י


Vowels: Since English has more vowels than Tiberian Hebrew, some extra diacritics are used to distinguish vowels that are similar.
*dialectal PIE (according to one in-universe theory): meyno- proḱnom ḱom meyno- h₂yuHṇḱ- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk- swer-ro- priHṇt-su: kʷo-Hn-i eǵh₂ swere h₁en protṃmo-ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei, to-Hn-i toi h₂enti-swere h₁en new-iHno- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei.
*null vowel = none
*commA = shva
*TRAP (טְרַפ) = BATH = PALM = patach
*DRESS (דרֶס) = segol
*FACE (ףֵיס) = tsere + yud
*KIT = hiriq
*FLEECE = happY = hiriq + yud
*FOOT = STRUT = qubutz
*GOOSE (גוּס) = shuruq + vav
*GOAT (גוֹט) = cholam
*LOT (לָט) = qamatz
*THOUGHT (תָהט) = qamatz + he
*PRICE = patach + yud
*MOUTH = patah + vav
*CHOICE = qamatz + yud
*NURSE = letteR = shva + resh
*NEAR = hiriq + resh
*SQUARE = tsere + resh
*START = patach + resh
*NORTH = qamatz + resh
*FORCE = cholam + resh
*POOR = qubutz + resh
*CURE = yud + qubutz + resh


===Latin===
*Proto-Azalic (500 BC): moen phroċn chom moen yunċ Ənghoilisċ swerər phrinṫsu: qhoin iċ swer in Phrothəm Ənghoilisċə, ṫoin ṫoe honṫswer in Newin Ənghoilisċə /moen pʰroxn kʰom moen juŋx əngʰoilisx swerər pʰrinθsu: kʷʰoin ix swer in pʰrotʰəm əngʰoilisxə, θoin θoe honθswer in newin əngʰoilisxə/
uon, tô, thrê, phuor, phaiv, six, sevn, aiht, nyn, ten


<poem>
* Old Azalic (Irta's "Old English") (500 AD): mae complānċt wiṫ mae yunċ Azalisċ spəɨcenṫ phrinṫs: qhen iċ spəɨc in Antēc Azalisċ, ṫen ṫā answer in Modern Əngilisċ
''O Captin! My Captin! ûr phiêrphul trip is dôn;''
''Ðe ship has weđrd evrih rac, đe prise uê suht is wun;''
''Ðe port is niêr, đe bels ih hiêr, đe pơpul al exsulting,''
''Huîl pholo eihs đe stedih kêl, đe vessl grim and dâring;''
''But O hart! hart! hart!''
''O đe blêding drops of red,''
''Huer on đe dec my captin lihs,''
''Phalen cold and diêd.''
</poem>


* "Middle English" (1000 AD): mae problem wiδ mae yung Azalic spəɨcen phrinṫs: qhen ī spəɨc in Proto Azalic, δen δā anser in Modern Ingliš


pelth₂óm > PPTA pheldă > phêld "field"
*1500 AD - present: my problem with my young Azalic speaking friends: when I speak in Proto-Azalic, they answer in English


==Accents==
===Early New English===
===The "Sephardi-Estuary-Ashkenazi" continuum===
The Lõisian standard English accent belongs in a continuum of accents, with a quasi-Sephardi Hebrew accent on one end and a quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew accent on the other end. However, it's been influenced significantly by the nearby Philadelphian accent (spoken in the ancient city of Philadelphia).


====Overview====
consonant inventory of 15th century Azalic English:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
p t̪ tʃ k b d̪ dʒ g m n̪
|-
ɸ β ʋ w θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h
! colspan="5" | Vowels
l~lˠ ɹ̝ˠ j
|-
and allophonic ʔ
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature  !! style="width: 250px;" | Western ("Sephardi") !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern ("Ashkenazi")
(stops were not aspirated)
|-
! KIT
| ɪ || ɪ~ɪ̈ || ɪ~ɪ̈ || i
|-
! DRESS
| ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e
|-
! TRAP
| a || æ || a || a
|-
! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
| eː || eə || ɑː || a
|-
! LOT
| ɔ || ɑ~ä || ɔ~ɒ || o
|-
! STRUT
| ʊ || ʌ~ɤ || ɜ̟~ɐ || ɜ
|-
! FOOT
| ʊ || ʊ || ʊ̈~ɘ || u
|-
! FLEECE
| iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː
|-
! FACE
| eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ
|-
! PRICE
| aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ
|-
! CHOICE
| oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || ɔʏ~ɔɪ~oɪ
|-
! MOUTH
| aʊ || æʊ~ɛɔ || æʊ || aʊ
|-
! GOAT
| oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ,  oʊ before [ɫ] || əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| ɔʏ~ɔɪ~oɪ
|-
! GOOSE
| uː || üw~yː,  uː before [ɫ] || üː,  uː before [ɫ] || uː
|-
! PALM
| ɑː || ɑ~ä || ɑː  || aː
|-
! THOUGHT
| ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || oː
|-
! NEAR
| iːɹ || iə(ɹ) || iɚ || iʀ
|-
! SQUARE
| eːɹ || eə(ɹ) || ɛɚ || eʀ
|-
! NURSE
| əːɹ || əː(ɹ) || ɚː || əʀ
|-
! START
| ɑːɹ || ɒː(ɹ) || ɑɚ || aʀ
|-
! NORTH
| ɑːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ || oʀ
|-
! FORCE
| oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || ɔʏʀ~ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ
|-
! POOR
| uːɹ || oə(ɹ) || uɚ || uʀ
|-
! CURE
| juːɹ || joə(ɹ)~jə(ɹ) || juɚ~jɚː || juʀ
|-
! commA
| ə || ə(ɹ) || ə || ə
|-
! lettER
| əɹ || ə(ɹ) || ɚ || əʀ
|-
! happY
| i || iː~ɪj || iː~ɪj || i
|-
! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Sephardi Hebrew !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew
|-
! Rhoticity
| Historical /r/ is always [ɹ] || Non-rhotic with intrusive R || Historical /r/ is always [ɹ] || Historical /r/ is always [ʀ]
|-
! Dark L
| Always || Always, often vocalizing || Only when non-prevocalic || Never
|-
! /θ ð/
| Always [t̪ d̪] || Often [t̪ d̪] || [θ ð] || [s̠ d]
|-
! /w/
| [v] || [w] || [w] || [v]
|-
! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
| As in AmE || As in AmE || As in AmE || Never
|}


====Western accent====
TRAP: /a/
This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ~eː] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ].
BATH: /a:/
PALM: /ɑ/
FACE: /e:/
DRESS: /ɛ/
FLEECE: /i:/
KIT: /i/
PRICE: /ae/
LOT: /ɔ/
THOUGHT: /ɔ:/
GOAT: /o:/
GOOSE: /u:/
FOOT: /u/
STRUT: /ø/


====L-Philadelphian====
no Canadian raising, rhotic vowels are basically the vowels plus /ɹ/ [ɹ̝ˠ]
This accent is spoken in the city of Philadelphia in Turkey (or as locals call it, "Flulfia"). It's basically a non-rhotic version of our Philly accent; r-intrusion is used, as in the New York accent.


A characteristic feature is ''reinforcement'' for certain vowels or diphthongs before consonants, which changes the pronunciation of the vowel:
most of the changes that happen between the 10th and 17th centuries are to the consonants: /pʰ tʰ/ turn into breathy spirants /ɸʰ θʰ/, which was thought of as substandard speech until around the 13th century; the breathiness disappears around the 15th century when ph th officially become /ɸ θ/
*The nucleus is shortened.
*When the consonant is voiced, the offglide is lengthened: ''fame'' [fɪiːm]
*When the consonant is voiceless, the consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsː]


/θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
15th century English also had a split between w from PAzal *v, pronounced /ʋ/, and w from PAzal *qh and *ᵹh, pronounced /w/


====L-Standard English====
chain shift in 18th century accents: /ø/ -> /ə/, but /o:/ becomes a new front rounded vowel /ɔɵ/ and then /ɔʉ/ (a bit like in Australian English); then in the 20th century it would shift to /əʏ/
Often called the "Newton accent".


A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhotic in the GenAm sense.
==Orthography==
=====Vowels=====
Some hyperarchaisms even in Latin and Greek loans: gnobill for noble
*orange = [ɒɹɪndʒ~ɔɹɪndʒ]
*Mary [mɛəɹi] ≈ merry [mɛɹi] ≠ marry [maɹi]
*Mirror-nearer distinction
*Hurry-furry distinction
*No mergers before /l/


=====Consonants=====
==Accents==
*L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
different from our English accents; RP shouldn't exist
**wholly-holy split.
*No glottal reinforcement before stops.
*/p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
*/d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
*wine-whine merger optional.
*/r/ may be [ʋ] between vowels.


====Eastern accent====
===Quelfton English===
When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds just like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from ''oh woe'' /øɪ vøɪ/)
Spoken in Quelfton, a city in Irta's Eastern Canada


This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent.
Pronounced /kʌftən/; quelf is from PIE *gʷelbʰ- 'womb'


*/w/ = [v]
====Vocabulary====
*/l/ is always light
Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"
*/r/ = [ʀ~ʁ]
*/s/ = Basque z
*/θ/ = Basque s
*/ð/ = [d]
*Stops are unaspirated


[ol hu:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn dɪgnɪti ən ʀɑɪts. ðɛɪ əʀ ɪndaʏd wið ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏðəʀ ɪn ə spɪʀɪt əv bʀʏðəχʏd]
====Phonology====
Philly + Boston; It is meant to be RP in ways that the Irta California accent is not. Intonation is similar to American.
*MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometimes with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
*-ing becomes -in' in casual speech
*(Ph) Philly L (/l/ becomes a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
*(~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
**When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsˑ]
**Otherwise this does not happen: ''fame'' [fɛˑɪm]
*(B, RP) non-rhotic
*(Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
*(Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
*(Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]
*(~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
*(B, ~RP) START = [ä]
*SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
*NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
*NURSE = [əː]
*wine-whine distinction is optional
*A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Pacific English
*hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
*orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
*mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
*/iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
*/θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
*"aunt" and "can't" use /a:/.
*wine-whine merger absent
*CLOTH = LOT, not THOUGHT


===A rhotic accent===
====Sample====
Rhotic with R-colored vowels using uvular r
oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.


*KIT = [ɪ],  
pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.
*DRESS = [ɛ] (but it gets raised before fricatives),  
*TRAP = [a] usually, /ɔ:/ before nasals
*LOT merges with TRAP
*THOUGHT = [uə]
*GOAT = [oə]
*FOOT = STRUT = [ɨ]
*GOOSE = [y]
*PRICE = [ei] before fricatives, [ae] otherwise
*MOUTH = [ou] before fricatives, [ɑo] otherwise
*FLEECE = Viby-i
*FACE = [iɛ]
*PALM = [a]


===A pre-Grimm accent===
===Pacific===
Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent
A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Modern RP/Estuary.
*/f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw]
*/p t k/ = unaspirated stops, ejective or glottally reinforced when word-final except after fricatives
*/tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
*/v/ = [b~β]
*/l/ = [l] (always clear L)
*/r/ = [ɾ~ɹ]
*/ð/ = [d~ð]
*/ʃ/ = [sx~sʰ]
*FLEECE = i:
*FACE = e:
*GOOSE = ü:
*GOAT = o:~o&#797;:
*PALM = BATH = a:
*THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = ʌ:
*CHOICE = oi
*PRICE = aɪ
*MOUTH = aʊ
*KIT = i
*DRESS = e
*TRAP = ɛ
*LOT = ʌ
*FOOT/STRUT = u
*NURSE = ɚ:
*START = a:(ɹ)
*SQUARE = e:ə(ɹ)
*NEAR = i:ə(ɹ)
*POOR = u:ə(ɹ)
*CURE = ju:ə(ɹ)
*lettER = commA = ə(ɹ)~ʌ̈(ɹ)


Yod-coalescence, with /tj dj θj sj/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]
Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation
=====Vocab=====
Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: ''knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ...'' the ones I sorta-know how to use


In broad accents: wu/wu:/wuə > u/u:/uə and ji/ji:/jiə > i/i:/iə; hence year/ear, yeast/east, swoon/soon are homophones
=====Vowels=====
*orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
*Mary-merry-marry merger
*Mirror-nearer merger
*Hurry-furry merger
*No mergers before /l/
*No trap-bath split
*No yod-coalescence


BATH [a:] occurs for L-Standard English /a/ usually where Korean commonly transcribes the English word as /a/. (The instances do ''not'' correspond to instances of BATH in RP.)
=====Consonants=====
*''chance'' [t͡ɕa:ns]; but ''dance'' [dɛns], ''answer'' [ɛnsʌ̈]
*L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
*''plant'' [pla:ntʼ], ''Grant'' [gra:ntʼ]; but ''grant'' [grɛntʼ]
**wholly-holy split.
*''glass'' [gla:s], ''gas'' [ga:s]; but ''pass'' [pɛs], ''class'' [klɛs]
*No glottal reinforcement before stops.
*''plastic'' [pla:stikʼ], ''last'' [la:st], ''master'' [ma:stʌ̈]
*/p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
*''mask'' [ma:sk], ''flask'' [fla:sk]; but ''ask'' [ɛsk], ''task'' [tɛsk]
*/d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
*''after'' [a:ftʌ̈], ''craft'' [kra:ft]
*wine-whine merger present.
*''half'' [ha:pʰ]; but ''graph'' [grɛpʰ]
*''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ]
 
===An "Old English" accent===
*CHOICE = œɪ
*PRICE = ɑ:
*MOUTH = æ:ɑ
*PALM = æ:
*FACE = æɪ
*GOAT = e:o
*THOUGHT = ɔ:
*FLEECE = i:
*GOOSE = u:
**/ju:/ = y:
*FERN = FIR = ør~yr (also MERRY and MIRROR)
*FUR = ʊr (also HURRY)
*FORCE = e:or~ø:r
*NORTH = ɔ:r
*NEAR = CURE = iur~y:r
*POOR = u:r
*SQUARE = e:r
*TRAP = ɑ, æɑ before /l r/ (also START and MARRY)
*DRESS = ɛ, eo~œ before /l/  
*KIT = ɪ, ɪʊ~ʏ before /l/
*LOT = ɔ
*FOOT = STRUT = ʊ


[[Category:Azalic languages]]
[[Category:Azalic languages]]

Latest revision as of 17:03, 1 April 2023

Verse:Irta/English/Non-Azalic etyma
English
Created bydiachronics by User:Praimhín
SettingVerse:Irta
Native toSpain, United States, India, Australia, New Zealand ...

English in the Irta timeline (Thurish: yȧzalathā nowā, Riphean: āzaliske rstine; names that sound like "Azalic" are used in Northern Europe, but Latin and Romance use names from Latin Anglica, from the native name əngoilisχ) is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography created by Praimhín. In particular, it is an Azalic language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as schadenfreude and smörgåsbord. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.

Diachronics

  • dialectal PIE (according to one in-universe theory): meyno- proḱnom ḱom meyno- h₂yuHṇḱ- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk- swer-ro- priHṇt-su: kʷo-Hn-i eǵh₂ swere h₁en protṃmo-ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei, to-Hn-i toi h₂enti-swere h₁en new-iHno- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei.
  • Proto-Azalic (500 BC): moen phroċn chom moen yunċ Ənghoilisċ swerər phrinṫsu: qhoin iċ swer in Phrothəm Ənghoilisċə, ṫoin ṫoe honṫswer in Newin Ənghoilisċə /moen pʰroxn kʰom moen juŋx əngʰoilisx swerər pʰrinθsu: kʷʰoin ix swer in pʰrotʰəm əngʰoilisxə, θoin θoe honθswer in newin əngʰoilisxə/
  • Old Azalic (Irta's "Old English") (500 AD): mae complānċt wiṫ mae yunċ Azalisċ spəɨcenṫ phrinṫs: qhen iċ spəɨc in Antēc Azalisċ, ṫen ṫā answer in Modern Əngilisċ
  • "Middle English" (1000 AD): mae problem wiδ mae yung Azalic spəɨcen phrinṫs: qhen ī spəɨc in Proto Azalic, δen δā anser in Modern Ingliš
  • 1500 AD - present: my problem with my young Azalic speaking friends: when I speak in Proto-Azalic, they answer in English

Early New English

consonant inventory of 15th century Azalic English: p t̪ tʃ k b d̪ dʒ g m n̪ ɸ β ʋ w θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h l~lˠ ɹ̝ˠ j and allophonic ʔ (stops were not aspirated)

TRAP: /a/ BATH: /a:/ PALM: /ɑ/ FACE: /e:/ DRESS: /ɛ/ FLEECE: /i:/ KIT: /i/ PRICE: /ae/ LOT: /ɔ/ THOUGHT: /ɔ:/ GOAT: /o:/ GOOSE: /u:/ FOOT: /u/ STRUT: /ø/

no Canadian raising, rhotic vowels are basically the vowels plus /ɹ/ [ɹ̝ˠ]

most of the changes that happen between the 10th and 17th centuries are to the consonants: /pʰ tʰ/ turn into breathy spirants /ɸʰ θʰ/, which was thought of as substandard speech until around the 13th century; the breathiness disappears around the 15th century when ph th officially become /ɸ θ/

15th century English also had a split between w from PAzal *v, pronounced /ʋ/, and w from PAzal *qh and *ᵹh, pronounced /w/

chain shift in 18th century accents: /ø/ -> /ə/, but /o:/ becomes a new front rounded vowel /ɔɵ/ and then /ɔʉ/ (a bit like in Australian English); then in the 20th century it would shift to /əʏ/

Orthography

Some hyperarchaisms even in Latin and Greek loans: gnobill for noble

Accents

different from our English accents; RP shouldn't exist

Quelfton English

Spoken in Quelfton, a city in Irta's Eastern Canada

Pronounced /kʌftən/; quelf is from PIE *gʷelbʰ- 'womb'

Vocabulary

Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"

Phonology

Philly + Boston; It is meant to be RP in ways that the Irta California accent is not. Intonation is similar to American.

  • MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometimes with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
  • -ing becomes -in' in casual speech
  • (Ph) Philly L (/l/ becomes a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
  • (~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
    • When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: face [fɪjsˑ]
    • Otherwise this does not happen: fame [fɛˑɪm]
  • (B, RP) non-rhotic
  • (Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
  • (Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
  • (Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]
  • (~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
  • (B, ~RP) START = [ä]
  • SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
  • NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
  • NURSE = [əː]
  • wine-whine distinction is optional
  • A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Pacific English
  • hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
  • orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
  • mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
  • /iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
  • /θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
  • "aunt" and "can't" use /a:/.
  • wine-whine merger absent
  • CLOTH = LOT, not THOUGHT

Sample

oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.

pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.

Pacific

A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Modern RP/Estuary.

Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation

Vocab

Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ... the ones I sorta-know how to use

Vowels
  • orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
  • Mary-merry-marry merger
  • Mirror-nearer merger
  • Hurry-furry merger
  • No mergers before /l/
  • No trap-bath split
  • No yod-coalescence
Consonants
  • L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
    • wholly-holy split.
  • No glottal reinforcement before stops.
  • /p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
  • /d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
  • wine-whine merger present.
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