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Bhadhagha/Lexicon

Bhadhagha/Swadesh list

Bhadhagha/Names

Bhadhagha (native name An Bhadhagha /a bʰadʰagʰa/, or colloquially just Bhadhagha; bhadhagha is from a Camalic language) is a Talmic language spoken on Bhadhagha Island off the west of Western Etalocin; its only surviving relative is Roshterian spoken in Northeast Etalocin. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Sanskrit.

Bhadhagha grammar was created by User:Praimhín.

Todo

• suar-dùbhach = school
• eafhad = cat
• Praimhìn = Bhadhagha name
• sphùrta = curiosity
• Sthàna = Sie
• Lanna srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò = I'm a specialist in cello playing
• 's laobh = is there? (interrogative)
• camhna, sos, car = woman, man, person
• dèic (VN), deàmha (present tense, nonpronominal subject) = eat
• Shos h-aonca tua hù? = Who fed the man? Shos h-aoncù tua? = Whom did the man feed?

Phonology

Based on "literally read Irish".

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	plain	m m	n n
	geminate		nn nː
	aspirated	mh mʱ	nh nʱ
Stop	tenuis	p p	t t		c k
	aspirated	ph pʰ	th tʰ		ch kʰ
	prenasalized	bp ᵐp	dt ⁿt		gc ᵑk
	voiced	b b	d d		g g
	breathy voiced	bh bʱ	dh dʱ		gh gʱ
	voiced prenasalized	mb ᵐb	nd ⁿd		ng ᵑg
Fricative	plain	f f	s s			h h
	aspirated	fh fʰ	sh sʰ
	prenasalized	mhf mʱf	nhs nʱs
Liquid	plain		l l	r r̠
	geminate		ll lː	rr r̠ː
	breathy voiced		lh lʱ	rh r̠ʱ

Mutations

Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an h-. All possible initials lenite: i.e. initial n, l, r, sp, st, sc are also "lenited" to nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.

Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but s (if not in one of sp-, st-, sc-) also eclipses to nhs-.

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ì /iː/			u /u/	ù /uː/
Mid	e /e/	è /eː/			o /o/	ò /oː/
Open			a /a/	à /aː/

Diphthongs are all read as written.

a in an unstressed syllable becomes e if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.

Morphology

Nouns

The plural of nouns is always -a if the noun ends in a C, or -n if the noun ends in a V.

Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.

The definite article is an-L for singular nouns and na-N for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s).

The Thensarian relativizer rin turned into a genitive marker: (an) schain ri h-Aodhàn (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: schain h-Aodhàn.

Prepositions inflect the same way as in Tíogall; however, 'we' forms tend to use -mh and 'it' forms tend to use -è. ri uses the inflected forms of le (to): my = ri lion, your = ri leis, ... Casual Bhadhagha developed a new inflectional paradigm for ri: rìon, rìs, riù, rì, rè, rìomh, rìoc, rìor, rìom.

Adjectives

Adjectives inflect similarly to nouns.

Attributive adjectives agree in mutation with the noun if the noun is definite. For example: "a black cat" is eafhad flumh and "the black cat" is (an) h-eafhad fhlumh.

Copula

Bhadhagha has a copula laidh which inflects as follows:

Present tense: lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh -- and laidh for nonpronominal subjects

Past tense: g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh -- and g'laidh for nonpronominal subjects

Future tense: lathanna, lathair, ...

Examples: Lanna dùbhòinn (I'm a teacher), Lù ìon (It's blue)

As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach (The teacher is sleeping).

Verbs

The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from that of Old Bhadhagha.

For one thing, Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:

molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
molaigh mé -> molam "... who/that thank(s)"
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"

The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...". Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.

The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Bhadhagha future tense:

moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar, moltam, moltaobh

The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha. One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (ao+N) but other verbal nouns may use the suffixes -ach, -ta/-te or -st. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.

Perfect tenses use the construction tainn ('after', often pronounced tann) followed by the verbal noun.

Verbs are negated with cha or chan. In the past tense, cha do-L is used.

Syntax

Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order. It is wh-in-situ.

The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù am dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos am hù (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)

The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù am shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn am hù (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)

Relative clauses

Relative clauses work similarly. The resumptive pronoun mi is used to refer back to the head of the relative clause.

Dhùbhòinn ri mhola am shos (mi) - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked RES)

Dhùbhòinn ri mholam am shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL RES thanked the man)

Shois ri h-aoncam am hàr - The men who fed them (lit: the men REL RES fed them)

Shois ri h-aoncar am mi - The men who they fed (lit: the men REL they fed RES)

Constituent order

The "faulty accusative" particle is am, which is used for both definite and indefinite nouns.

Dependent clauses

The complementizer is bhà; complement clauses usually are VSO and have no topic.

Lion càid bhà dheàmha shaobh ri Sthàna am shmodh.

I know that your dog ate the bone.

Vocabulary

Bhadhagha vocabulary includes many Camalic loans. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is eafhad (cat).

Example texts

The North Wind and the Sun

[to be edited]

Bhòlcoll ag h-Unn