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Weddish: Difference between revisions
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When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''. | When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''. | ||
==== Others ==== | ==== Others Languages==== | ||
Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. | Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. Hebrew ''hataf'' vowels are recognized as short vowel signs, and are treated as part of "extended Weddish" (see next paragraph). | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;" | ||
! Lošn Koydeš Letter | ! Lošn Koydeš Letter | ||
| Line 189: | Line 189: | ||
| '''ת''' | | '''ת''' | ||
| '''תֿ''' | | '''תֿ''' | ||
| '''אֲ''' | |||
| '''אֳ''' | |||
| '''אֱ''' | |||
| אֻּ | |||
| אִּ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Equivalent | ! Equivalent | ||
| Line 197: | Line 202: | ||
| '''ט''' | | '''ט''' | ||
| '''ס''' | | '''ס''' | ||
| '''אַ''' short | |||
| '''אָ''' short | |||
| '''ע''' short | |||
| '''וּ''' short | |||
| '''יִ''' short | |||
|} | |} | ||
In Hebrew, words from other languages are typically written out in the Latin alphabet. However, Weddish makes an attempt at "Hebrewization" of foreign terms into the Hebrew alphabet. | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;" | |||
! Extended Latin | |||
| th/θ/þ | |||
| th/ð | |||
| w | |||
| ā, etc. | |||
| ü, etc. | |||
| é, etc. | |||
| ñ | |||
| æ | |||
|- | |||
! Extended Hebrew | |||
| '''טֿ''' | |||
| '''דֿ''' | |||
| '''װֿ''' | |||
| '''אַֿ''' | |||
| '''וּ֯''' | |||
| '''ע֫''' | |||
| '''׆''' | |||
| '''ﭏ''' | |||
|} | |||
==== X"Q ==== | |||
There is also a highly ornate style of writing Weddish, called '''xtiv qoydeš''' ("holy writing", abbr. x"q) where letters are used not as an alphabet, but as an abjad. Vowels may or may not be written in this style. When written, they are written as diacritical marks ("points") around the consonants. In this style, '''v''' is written as '''ו''' and '''y''' as '''י'''. Vowels are as follows, with the '''א''' written in syllables with no onset: | There is also a highly ornate style of writing Weddish, called '''xtiv qoydeš''' ("holy writing", abbr. x"q) where letters are used not as an alphabet, but as an abjad. Vowels may or may not be written in this style. When written, they are written as diacritical marks ("points") around the consonants. In this style, '''v''' is written as '''ו''' and '''y''' as '''י'''. Vowels are as follows, with the '''א''' written in syllables with no onset: | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="font-size:large;" | ||
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! Dative || Ablative || Partitive || Equative | ! Dative || Ablative || Partitive || Equative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''' | | style="text-align:center;" | '''ל׳'''/'''l-''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''' | | style="text-align:center;" | '''ב׳'''/'''b-''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''' | | style="text-align:center;" | '''מ׳'''/'''m-''' | ||
| style="text-align:center;" | ''' | | style="text-align:center;" | '''ק׳'''/'''k-''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| '''{{C|ler}}''' | | '''{{C|ler}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|li}}''' | | '''{{C|li}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|len}}''' | ||
| '''l-''' | | '''l-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Distributive | ! Distributive | ||
| ''' | | '''בין''' <br /> '''bin''' <br /> ''a bee'' | ||
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | ''' | | style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''בינײַים''' <br /> '''bináyim''' <br /> ''two bees each'' | ||
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | ''' | | style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינען''' <br /> '''binen''' <br /> ''bees each'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective | ! Collective | ||
| | | | ||
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | ''' | | style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַים''' <br /> '''g'bináyim''' <br /> ''a couple of bees'' | ||
| ''' | | '''ג׳בינען''' <br /> '''g'binen''' <br /> ''a group of friends'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Distributive <br /> Associative | ! Distributive <br /> Associative | ||
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | ''' | | style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינאאַװ''' <br /> '''bin'av''' <br /> ''a bee et al each'' | ||
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | ''' | | style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינײַימאאַװ''' <br /> '''bináyim'av''' <br /> ''two bees et al each'' | ||
| style="background: BurlyWood;" | ''' | | style="background: BurlyWood;" | '''בינענאאַװ''' <br /> '''binen'av''' <br /> ''bees et al each'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Collective <br /> Associative | ! Collective <br /> Associative | ||
| ''' | | '''ג׳בינאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'bin'av''' <br /> ''a group of a bees et al'' | ||
| style="background: MediumPurple;" | ''' | | style="background: MediumPurple;" | '''ג׳בינײַימאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'bináyim'av''' <br /> ''a group of two bees et al'' | ||
| ''' | | '''ג׳בינענאאַװ''' <br /> '''g'binen'av''' <br /> ''a group of bees et al'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
There are a plethora of paradigms for the distributive plural formations, 99% of which time come straight from the Yiddish plural. The regular plural endings for nouns are ס- -s for a noun that ends in an unstressed r, m, n, or vowel, ען- -en after a stressed vowel, m, n, ng, or nk and ן- -n for most other types of nouns. | There are a plethora of paradigms for the distributive plural formations, 99% of which time come straight from the Yiddish plural. The regular plural endings for nouns are ס- -s for a noun that ends in an unstressed r, m, n, or vowel, ען- -en after a stressed vowel, m, n, ng, or nk and ן- -n for most other types of nouns. | ||
There are a very large number of nouns with irregular distribute plural forms, including -es (these are usually nouns of Slavic origin), and -er with umlaut (eg., man 'man', cf mener 'men'; kind 'child', cf kinder 'children'), or umlaut alone (eg., האנט hant 'hand', cf הענט hent 'hands'). Many words of Hebrew origin form plurals, not with -im, but with -in. Feminine Hebrew word end in -es. Many plural forms of words are accompanied with a stem vowel mutation. | There are a very large number of nouns with irregular distribute plural forms, including -es (these are usually nouns of Slavic origin), and -er with umlaut (eg., man 'man', cf mener 'men'; kind 'child', cf kinder 'children'), or umlaut alone (eg., האנט hant 'hand', cf הענט hent 'hands'). Many words of Hebrew origin form plurals, not with -im, but with -in (like Aramaic). Feminine Hebrew word end in -es. Many plural forms of words are accompanied with a stem vowel mutation. | ||
The dual ending is unique, in that is shifts the accent pattern of the root to itself. It may be written '''-áyim''' to indicate that shift. This shift triggers vowel reduction of of the previous syllable, if it is a diphthong (cutting it down to its first vowel). | The dual ending is unique, in that is shifts the accent pattern of the root to itself. It may be written '''-áyim''' to indicate that shift. This shift triggers vowel reduction of of the previous syllable, if it is a diphthong (cutting it down to its first vowel). | ||
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* '''g-''' is the collective prefix, which turns most groups into "one's" | * '''g-''' is the collective prefix, which turns most groups into "one's" | ||
* '''-áyim''' is the dual suffix, while '''-s/es''' and '''-n/en/in''' are the inanimate and animate distributive plurals respectively. Vowel reduction and/or umlaut may occur. | * '''-áyim''' is the dual suffix, while '''-s/es''' and '''-n/en/in''' are the inanimate and animate distributive plurals respectively. Vowel reduction and/or umlaut may occur. | ||
* '''- | * '''-'av''' is the associative plural | ||
Forms lacking the collective plural endings are automatically distributive unless singular. | Forms lacking the collective plural endings are automatically distributive unless singular. | ||
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| '''{{C|mim}}''' | | '''{{C|mim}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|kauk}}''' | | '''{{C|kauk}}''' | ||
|} | |||
Possessive pronouns (cp. English ''mine'', ''ours'', ''yours'', ''hers'', ''his'', ''its'', ''theirs'') | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} | |||
! | |||
! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl !! sg !! dl !! pl/inanim. | |||
|- | |||
! Erg. | |||
| מײַן || גורײַן || אונדזער | |||
| דײַן || סטײַן || אײַער | |||
| זײַן (m) הערס (f) || בײַן || זײער | |||
|- | |||
! Abs. | |||
| מײַנס || גורײַנס || אונדזערס | |||
| דײַנס || סטײַנס || אײַערס | |||
| זײַנס (m) הערס (f) || בײַנס || זײערס | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Persons. | ! Persons. | ||
| {{C|mi}} || {{C|ver}} || {{C| | | {{C|mi}} || {{C|ver}} || {{C|vermens}} || {{C|vermen}} || {{C|bimi}} || {{C|mimi}} || {{C|komi}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Impers. | ! Impers. | ||
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#: which is equivalent to | #: which is equivalent to | ||
## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.''' | ## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.''' | ||
## ''I face-wash him.'' | ##: ''I face-wash him.'' | ||
=== Derivation === | === Derivation === | ||