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Weddish: Difference between revisions
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|speakers = 0.01 | |speakers = 0.01 | ||
|date = 2014 | |date = 2014 | ||
|imagecaption = [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0AmqhD4FiOtzwdDZ4TmUtd3ZnMzBSVWU4WnFaTlgxdEE&usp=sharing Online Lexicon] | |||
|familycolor = Indo-European | |familycolor = Indo-European | ||
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] | |fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] | ||
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| '''ע''' <tt>/e/~/ɛ/</tt> | | '''ע''' <tt>/e/~/ɛ/</tt> | ||
| ''' ׳ ''' <tt>/ə/</tt> | | ''' ׳ ''' <tt>/ə/</tt> | ||
| ''' | | '''אָ''' <tt>/o/~/ɔ/</tt> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''ַא''' <tt>/ɐ/~/ä/</tt> | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right;" | <br clear="right" /> | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:right; font-size:large;" | |||
|+ '''Diphthongs in Weddish''' | |+ '''Diphthongs in Weddish''' | ||
! | ! | ||
! +y | ! +y | ||
! +w | ! +w* | ||
|- | |- | ||
! a | ! a | ||
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There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables. | There are several issues in the pronunciation of individual sounds. The rhotic of Weddish is either alveolar or uvular<ref>As in Hebrew, uvular may be seen as the most prestigious form: http://wals.info/chapter/6</ref> and may be anything from a fricative, to a flap, to a trill, to an approximant. No R-colors vowels are permitted. Words that begin with a vowel are separated from a prior open syllable by a glottal stop. The velar nasal only occurs when an "n" is assimilated in place of articular before or after an "x", "k", or "g", in a syllable coda<ref>http://wals.info/chapter/9</ref>. '''ng''' is pronounced <tt>/ŋg/</tt>, not just <tt>/ŋ/</tt>. '''L''' is typically dark (aka "velarized") except before '''i'''. '''Ayen''' is always romanized '''e''', but signifies the schwa in unaccented syllables. | ||
In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. Another dialect difference is that '''c''' and '''dž''' are sometimes pronounced <tt>/θ/</tt> and <tt>/ð/</tt><ref>http://wals.info/chapter/19</ref>. However, the rhotic is still not retroflex! Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is | In the dialect of the Americas, central vowels retain a color of their original/short form. Elsewhere, they are all central, except <tt>/a/</tt> before glottals and <tt>/ɪ/</tt> before labials. Another dialect difference is that '''c''' and '''dž''' are sometimes pronounced <tt>/θ/</tt> and <tt>/ð/</tt><ref>http://wals.info/chapter/19</ref>. However, the rhotic is still not retroflex! Americans also pronounce '''aw''' and '''ow''' as diphthongs, which is readily understood. | ||
=== Orthography === | === Orthography === | ||
Weddish written in the Hebrew alphabet, mostly following the standard of YIVO Yiddish | Weddish written in the Hebrew alphabet, mostly following the standard of YIVO Yiddish, except for '''gereš''' as the šva. There is a one-to-one correspondence between grapheme and phoneme, except for three digraphs and one trigraph. Weddish also has its own Romanization scheme, largely Slavic in appearance. In it, <tt>/ʃ/</tt> is written '''š''', <tt>/ʒ/</tt> is written '''ž''', <tt>/j/</tt> is written '''y''', <tt>/ts/</tt> is written '''c''', <tt>/tʃ/</tt> is written '''č''', <tt>/dʒ/</tt> is written '''dž''', and <tt>/ʁ/</tt> is written '''r'''. | ||
If the syllable after a diphthong begins with a vowel, the off-glide of the diphthong is doubled as the onset of that next syllable, '''''without being written again'''''. Thus '''zeyer''' is pronounced <tt>/zey.yer/</tt>. | If the syllable after a diphthong begins with a vowel, the off-glide of the diphthong is doubled as the onset of that next syllable, '''''without being written again'''''. Thus '''zeyer''' is pronounced <tt>/zey.yer/</tt>. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Alphabetical order is ('''gereš''',) '''alef''', ''' | Alphabetical order is ('''gereš''',) '''alef''', '''alef pasex''', '''alef kamec''', '''beys''', ('''veys''',) '''giml''', '''dalet''', '''dalet''', '''hey''', '''vov''', '''gvováyin''', '''šurek''', '''zayen''', ('''xes''',) '''tes''', '''yud''', '''yud xirik''', '''gyudayin''', '''gyudayin pasex''', '''vov yud''', '''xof''', ('''xof dageš''',) '''lamed''', '''mem''', '''nun''', '''samex''', '''ayen''', '''pey''', '''fey''', '''cadek''', '''kuf''', '''reyš''', ('''sin''',) '''šin''' (, '''tav''', '''sav'''). | ||
When necessary to avoid confusion, <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''. | When necessary to avoid confusion (e.g. with an adjacent װ or ױ), <tt>/u/</tt> can be precisely specified with a '''וּ''', called a '''šurek'''. <tt>/i/</tt> can be invoked as '''יִ''', that is a '''yud xirek'''. | ||
==== Others ==== | ==== Others ==== | ||
Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. | Yiddish has many loanwords from Hebrew and Aramaic which are written using the Hebrew abjad in the Semitic way. Weddish, however, writes these words out according to its own orthographic conventions. There are times when it is necessary to use the ancient letters, especially in religious settings. | ||
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| ø | | ø | ||
| '''אְ''' | | '''אְ''' | ||
| <tt>/ə/</tt> | | <tt>/ə/</tt> | ||
|- | |||
| ø | |||
| '''לֽ''' | |||
| ''syllabic'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Handwriting, or cursive, | Handwriting, or cursive, is the same as Hebrew and Yiddish. | ||
[[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]] | [[File:Alfabet.hebrajski.png]] | ||
==== Puncuation ==== | |||
A '''gereš''' - ׳ - is basically an apostrophe in Hebrew, but in Weddish it is a letter, a central vowel. The "double gereš" ('''geršáyim''') is used to indicate contractions. Quotation markers occur bottom-and-top, as in German (i.e. „ייִסראַעל“). Periods in a traditional serif face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a diamond; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the question mark, and exclamation mark. As in Hebrew, the left-to-right question mark is used, not the Arabic right-to-left one. Periods in normal space use the ancient sof pasuk ⟨׃⟩. Paseq ⟨׀⟩ acts as a comma. The atnax is used when writing out poetry, to symbolize line breaks. The makef <־> is used instead of hypehens. | |||
== Phonotactics == | == Phonotactics == | ||
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| '''{{C|ler}}''' | | '''{{C|ler}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|li}}''' | | '''{{C|li}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|laun}}''' | ||
| '''l-''' | | '''l-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''{{C|bos}}''' | | '''{{C|bos}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|bi}}''' | | '''{{C|bi}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|bam}}''' | ||
| '''b-''' | | '''b-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''{{C|mos}}''' | | '''{{C|mos}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|mi}}''' | | '''{{C|mi}}''' | ||
| ''' | | '''min a''' | ||
| '''m-/{{C|min}}''' | | '''m-/{{C|min}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''{{C|kos}}''' | | '''{{C|kos}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|ki}}''' | | '''{{C|ki}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|ka}}''' | ||
| '''k-''' | | '''k-''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| '''{{C|bug}}''' | | '''{{C|bug}}''' | ||
| '''{{C|ming}}''' | | '''{{C|ming}}''' | ||
| '''{{C| | | '''{{C|koug}}''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>pl</small> | ! <small>pl</small> | ||
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# infinitive construct: ge- | # infinitive construct: ge- | ||
==== Incorporation ==== | ==== Incorporation ==== | ||
On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means | On the Mithun scale<ref>Mithun, Marianne. 1984. The Evolution of Noun Incorporation. ''Language'', Vol. 60, No. 4. pp. 847-894.</ref>, Weddish does type-I and type-II noun incorporation. This means | ||
# דאָװיד ראָקלײביטש יאַגדעס׃ - '''Dovid rokleybič yagdes.''' | |||
#: ''Dovid picks berries.'' | |||
#: which is equivalent to | |||
## יאַגדעקלײבאָ דאָװיד׃ - '''Yagdekleybo Dovid.''' | |||
##: ''Dovid berry-picked.'' | |||
# ניװאַשאַװ פאָנײַימאָ׃ - '''Nivašav ponáyimo.''' | |||
#: ''I wash his face.'' | |||
#: which is equivalent to | |||
## ניפאָנעמװאַשאָ׃ - '''Niponemvašo.''' | |||
## ''I face-wash him.'' | |||
=== Derivation === | === Derivation === | ||
==== Compounding ==== | ==== Compounding ==== | ||
When the relationships between nouns is genitive, and it has already been stated or can easily be implied, compound nouns may be formed. For example, ''a field for football/soccer'' may become '''fusbolfeld'''. (Note the loss of abstraction suffixes.) Suppose it was an Australian rules football field. Would could make '''fusbolfeldeoystralie'''. Lastly, If one wanted to add that it is '''mgroz'''/''composed of grass'', this could become '''פֿוסבאָלפֿעלדעאויסטראליעגראָז'''/'''fusbolfeldeoystraliegroz'''. Words with greater than four parts are deemed colloquial. Word order is "head second", with the first specifier coming at the very front. | When the relationships between nouns is genitive, and it has already been stated or can easily be implied, compound nouns may be formed. For example, ''a field for football/soccer'' may become '''fusbolfeld'''. (Note the loss of abstraction suffixes.) Suppose it was an Australian rules football field. Would could make '''fusbolfeldeoystralie'''. Lastly, If one wanted to add that it is '''mgroz'''/''composed of grass'', this could become '''פֿוסבאָלפֿעלדעאויסטראליעגראָז'''/'''fusbolfeldeoystraliegroz'''. Words with greater than four parts are deemed colloquial. Word order is "head second", with the first specifier coming at the very front. Unlike German, every piece must modify the head. | ||
==== Abstract Nouns ==== | ==== Abstract Nouns ==== | ||
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=== Particles === | === Particles === | ||
By far the most commonly occurring particle is '''v-''', which is like a verbal comma. Yiddish - like English - has the word and/'''un'''. Weddish, however, only uses that word to connect clauses. '''v-''' is a return to Hebrew, though typically not at the start of sentences. | By far the most commonly occurring particle is '''v-''', which is like a verbal comma. Yiddish - like English - has the word and/'''un'''. Weddish, however, only uses that word to connect clauses. '''v-''' is a return to Hebrew, though typically not at the start of sentences. | ||
== Examples == | |||
כאָקמענו (אַזױ װײַט װי עס עמעסדיך װ׳זיכער) באַשטייטאַ מין געפאַרצײַים ׀ גאָטשאַפֿט װ׳זיכשאַפֿט׃ | |||
* '''xokmenu (azoy vayt vi es emesdix v'zixer) bašteyta min gegarcayim: gotšaft v'zixšaft''' | |||
* ''Our wisdom (so far as it [is] true and certain) consists of a couple of parts: God-life and ourselves-life.'' - Calvin's ''Institutes'' 1.1.1 | |||
בי אָנהײב גאָט באַשעפֿאָ די הימל װ׳די ערד׃ | |||
* '''bi onheyb Got bašefo di himl v'di erd.''' | |||
* ''In the beginning, God created the heaven and the earth.'' - Brašit/Genesis 1:1 | |||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]] | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Semitic languages]][[Category:A posteriori]] | ||