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Yuyši: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Yuyši | |name = Yuyši | ||
| | |nativename = r'etii yuyši | ||
|pronunciation = [ˈretiː ˈjyʃi] | |pronunciation = [ˈretiː ˈjyʃi] | ||
|region = western Lower North of Ceránento | |region = western Lower North of Ceránento | ||
|ethnicity = Yuyši people (''Yuy'') | |ethnicity = Yuyši people (''Yuy'') | ||
|speakers = {{formatnum:5700000}} | |speakers = {{formatnum:5700000}} | ||
|date = | |date = 2312 | ||
|setting = Calémere | |setting = [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]] | ||
|familycolor = Language isolate | |familycolor = Language isolate | ||
|fam1 = Ivugi | |fam1 = Ivugi | ||
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|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Yuyši has | Yuyši has ten vowels (three of which nasal)<!-- sketch yuyši ee, êe > ey, êy -->; there are also many phonetic diphthongs, which are, however, better analyzed as combinations of a vowel plus a semivowel.<br/> | ||
Note that high-low vowels are only distinguished from high-mid ones when stressed; the orthography always marks a stressed high-low vowel with a circumflex, and the stressed high-mid ones with acutes when the stress is not on the penultimate. Other stressed vowels are graphically marked only when the stressed syllable is not the penultimate. The last nasal vowel is typically always stressed, so when they are present, stress is marked even on the penult if it does *not* fall on the last nasal vowel. | Note that high-low vowels are only distinguished from high-mid ones when stressed; the orthography always marks a stressed high-low vowel with a circumflex, and the stressed high-mid ones with acutes when the stress is not on the penultimate. Other stressed vowels are graphically marked only when the stressed syllable is not the penultimate. The last nasal vowel is typically always stressed, so when they are present, stress is marked even on the penult if it does *not* fall on the last nasal vowel. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! High-mid | ! High-mid | ||
| '''e(é)''' e | | '''e(é)''' e || || '''o (ó)''' o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! High-low | ! High-low | ||
| '''ê''' ɛ | | '''ê''' ɛ<br/>'''ẽ''' ɛ̃ || || '''ô''' ɔ<br/>'''õ''' ɔ̃ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
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* '''-oy''' — stem in ''-ó'' | * '''-oy''' — stem in ''-ó'' | ||
* '''-ii''' — stem in ''-i'' | * '''-ii''' — stem in ''-i'' | ||
* '''-ey''' — stem in ''-e'' | * '''-ey''' — stem in ''-e'' or ''-ê'' | ||
* '''-êy''' — (some) stems in ''-ê'' (rare) | |||
* '''- | |||
* '''-ay''' — stem in ''-a'' | * '''-ay''' — stem in ''-a'' | ||
* '''-i''' — consonant stem | * '''-i''' — consonant stem | ||
| Line 159: | Line 158: | ||
* Imperative indefinite: bare stem | * Imperative indefinite: bare stem | ||
The two exceptions are the past indefinite and the imperative definite forms.<br/>The ''past indefinite form'' is formed by nasalizing the final vowel of the stem. This effectively means that for nasal stems this form is the bare stem; ''-i, -e, -ê, -ẽ'' stems all merge as ''-ẽ''; ''-u, -o, -ô, -õ'' stems all merge as ''-õ'', ''-a'' becomes ''-ã'' and ''- | The two exceptions are the past indefinite and the imperative definite forms.<br/>The ''past indefinite form'' is formed by nasalizing the final vowel of the stem. This effectively means that for nasal stems this form is the bare stem; ''-i, -e, -ê, -ẽ'' stems all merge as ''-ẽ''; ''-u, -o, -ô, -õ'' stems all merge as ''-õ'', ''-a'' becomes ''-ã'' and ''-êy'' becomes ''-ãy''. Consonant stems add ''-õ''. | ||
The imperative definite adds ''-u'' to consonant stem verbs; verbs in ''-u, -o'', and ''-ô'' all have ''-u''; those in ''-i'' have ''-uy''; those in ''-a'' have ''-o'', and ''-e -ê - | The imperative definite adds ''-u'' to consonant stem verbs; verbs in ''-u, -o'', and ''-ô'' all have ''-u''; those in ''-i'' have ''-uy''; those in ''-a'' have ''-o'', and ''-e -ê -êy'' become ''-ew, -êw, -êw''. Nasal vowels are denasalized and have ''-nu'' after them, making this form identical to the past definite. | ||
There is a small number of irregular verbs, apart from ''yuy'' (anything not included here is regular): | There is a small number of irregular verbs, apart from ''yuy'' (anything not included here is regular): | ||
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! Verb !! Past indef. !! Past def. !! Present indef. !! Present def. | ! Verb !! Past indef. !! Past def. !! Present indef. !! Present def. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! '' | ! ''łayêy'' "to eat" | ||
| łayã || łayánu || łayło || łayłú | | łayã || łayánu || łayło || łayłú | ||
|- | |- | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Yuyši has a base-10 numeral system, with root numbers from 1 to 11: | Yuyši has a base-10 numeral system, with root numbers from 1 to 11:<br/> | ||
1 ''ši''<br/> | 1 ''ši''<br/> | ||
2 ''sopú''<br/> | 2 ''sopú''<br/> | ||
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'''English:''' It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him! | '''English:''' It is a gift. A gift to the foes of Mordor. Why not use this Ring? Long has my father, the steward of Gondor, kept the forces of Mordor at bay. By the blood of our people are your lands kept safe. Give Gondor the weapon of the enemy; let us use it against him! | ||
'''Yuyši:''' Ta yo yôna. Yôna nẽ burá | '''Yuyši:''' Ta yo yôna. Yôna nẽ burá so Môrudoru. Gê irá hi fu ye kišiła? Dó sôli, a yu dikáłuši so Gõdoru, garetsẽ tsučatenu rẽši so Môrudoru. Kó sałte yo kidikała ku buda so nẽru sáliru. Yêku nẽ Gõdoru gači so burá; yuy iwôči a lẽ šiło ga ta! | ||
'''Gloss''': <small>3SG</small>. be.<small>PRES.IND</small>. gift. | gift. to. foe. of. Mordor. | this. ring. why. not. be.<small>PRES.IND.INTERR</small>. use-<small>PART.PASSIVE-PRES</small>. | father. mine. <small>REL</small>. be.<small>PRES.DEF</small>. steward. of. Gondor. long_time. keep_away-<small>PAST.DEF</small>. army. of. Mordor. | land. yours. be.<small>PRES.IND</small>. protect-<small>PART.PASSIVE-PRES</small>. with.<small>INSTR</small>. blood. of. folk. ours. | give.<small>IMPER-DEF</small>. to. Gondor. weapon. of. enemy. | be. may. that. we. use-<small>PRES.DEF</small>. against. <small>3SG</small>. | '''Gloss''': <small>3SG</small>. be.<small>PRES.IND</small>. gift. | gift. to. foe. of. Mordor. | this. ring. why. not. be.<small>PRES.IND.INTERR</small>. use-<small>PART.PASSIVE-PRES</small>. | father. mine. <small>REL</small>. be.<small>PRES.DEF</small>. steward. of. Gondor. long_time. keep_away-<small>PAST.DEF</small>. army. of. Mordor. | land. yours. be.<small>PRES.IND</small>. protect-<small>PART.PASSIVE-PRES</small>. with.<small>INSTR</small>. blood. of. folk. ours. | give.<small>IMPER-DEF</small>. to. Gondor. weapon. of. enemy. | be. may. that. we. use-<small>PRES.DEF</small>. against. <small>3SG</small>. | ||
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[[Category:Analytic languages]] | [[Category:Analytic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Artlangs]] | |||
[[Category:Calémere]] | [[Category:Calémere]] | ||