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Ciètian: Difference between revisions
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[[{{ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/> | ||
[[{{ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/> | ||
[[{{ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/> | ||
[[{{ | [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Sandbox]]<br/> | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | ||
|creator= [[User:IlL]] | |creator= [[User:IlL]] | ||
|name = {{ | |name = {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = i hEnvirav | |nativename = i hEnvirav | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''{{ | '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''i γgaaħ hEnvirav'' /i ɣaːħ ˈhanviɾəv/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] (in the subbranch of Tigolic, which also includes [[Eevo]]) somewhat inspired by Irish. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''i Samąχ'' /i səˈmɔːx/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anvir|Anvir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; after [[Eevo]], it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Eħa'' /ˈɛħə/ in {{SUBPAGENAME}}) on the planet of Tricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages. | ||
This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | This language began as ''Tíogall'', which was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like [[Bhadhagha]] or [[Clofabosin]]). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English and Slavic aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system. | ||
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**sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | **sR- > sVR- (R = m, n, ń, ŋ, r) | ||
*''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book' | *''mee in aavaħ'' (this DEF book) = 'this book' | ||
*Revise Thensarian declension based on | *Revise Thensarian declension based on {{SUBPAGENAME}} | ||
*Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | *Have a separate schwa phoneme ''a'' /ə/? | ||
*''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'') | *''-ac'' is cognate to Eevo ''-ahd'' (both from Old Eevo ''-aitt'') | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The following describes {{ | The following describes {{SUBPAGENAME}} as spoken in Ascemmiin. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed. | Stress is not phonemic and is weight-sensitive. The rule is: the last long vowel is stressed. If there is no long vowel the first syllable is stressed. | ||
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===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{{ | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a large consonant inventory (about 37 consonants). | ||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''{{ | |+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal | !colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalv. !! Palatal !! Velar !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal | ||
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*An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory). | *An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory). | ||
*Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds. | *Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds. | ||
* {{ | * {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives. | ||
*/n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪]. | */n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪]. | ||
*/s/ is laminal alveolar [s]. | */s/ is laminal alveolar [s]. | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{{ | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a moderately large vowel system (7 vowel qualities). | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '''{{ | |+ '''{{SUBPAGENAME}} vowels''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
{{SUBPAGENAME}} doesn't like initial clusters. All initial clusters are prohibited except those of the form /Cw/. Geminate nasals are also not allowed word-initially. | |||
Final clusters are allowed, however. | Final clusters are allowed, however. | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
{{ | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of {{SUBPAGENAME}}, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern. | ||
*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") | *In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") | ||
*In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?") | *In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?") | ||
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==Dialectology== | ==Dialectology== | ||
{{ | {{SUBPAGENAME}} is subject to a fair amount of accent and dialect variation. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Politeness==== | ====Politeness==== | ||
Modern | Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} has three levels of politeness in pronouns: | ||
*''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | *''gonas, moos'' (sg.) is used for family members, friends, pets, inanimates, deities, and among blue-collar workers. It is becoming more common among young people. | ||
*''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonaχ'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common. | *''gonalaa, mowaa'' is used as a polite second-person pronoun (for both singular and plural) for strangers or persons in positions of authority. It is still considered acceptable for some professions, such as superiors in military or schoolteachers, to refer to their counterparts with the familiar pronouns ''gonas'' and ''gonaχ'', although nowadays using ''gonawaa'' is becoming more common. | ||
*''gonaχ'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonaχ'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaχ'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonaχ''. | *''gonaχ'' is roughly intermediate in formality between ''gonas'' and ''gonawaa''. The pronoun ''gonaχ'' is used when an apprentice addresses their master, when university students address professors or when professors address students. In universities and some schools students use ''gonaχ'' for each other. (In vocational schools ''gonawaa'' is used for student-instructor conversation.) Strangers on the Internet and books intended for a general audience also use ''gonaχ''. | ||
**In archaic | **In archaic {{SUBPAGENAME}}, ''gonaχ'' is used as a polite pronoun for persons of higher class (say nobles or royalty), or among the upper class. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
{{SUBPAGENAME}} nouns are quite conservative: they have three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), three numbers (singular, plural and collective), and three states (nominative, genitive and construct). Collective nouns take singular agreement with verbs and adjectives. | |||
*The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | *The nominative singular, nominative plural, and genitive singular must be memorized for every noun. Feminine plurals tend to end in ''-r''. | ||
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*''yir-'' = un-, non- | *''yir-'' = un-, non- | ||
**yirascooc, yirascooc (f) 'innocence', from ''ascooc'' (f) 'guilt' | **yirascooc, yirascooc (f) 'innocence', from ''ascooc'' (f) 'guilt' | ||
[[Category:{{ | [[Category:{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Talmic languages]] | [[Category:Talmic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Quihum languages]] | [[Category:Quihum languages]] | ||
[[Category:Tricin]] | [[Category:Tricin]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||