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Kola: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | Nominalization prefixes occur at the beginning of the verb unit (in the pre-SM position). | ||
'''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b> | '''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>éddä'' "to walk" (root: ''-édd-''), ግዙጘ ''<b>gï</b>zúngä'' "to cook (trs.)" (root: ''-zúng-''). | ||
'''Agent''' nouns are class 1/2. They are formed by adding the class 1/2 prefix to the nominalized verb stem. In regular verbs, the nominalized stem is formed by removing the final vowel and spirantizing the final consonant if applicable. Verbs ending in other vowels simply use the verbal stem. | '''Agent''' nouns are class 1/2. They are formed by adding the class 1/2 prefix to the nominalized verb stem. In regular verbs, the nominalized stem is formed by removing the final vowel and spirantizing the final consonant if applicable. Verbs ending in other vowels simply use the verbal stem. | ||
:e.g. ሜዝ ''<b>m</b> | :e.g. ሜዝ ''<b>m</b>ézz'' "person who walks; companion" (pl: ዌዝ ''<b>w</b>ézz''). | ||
====Negative and interrogative==== | ====Negative and interrogative==== | ||
'''Negation''' is accomplished with the circumfix ከ-ም ''kä-m'' in main clauses, the (post-subject) prefix ከ- ''kä-'' for subordinate/subjunctive verbs. Infinitives and other derived nouns use the prefix ሲ- ''si-''. | '''Negation''' is accomplished with the circumfix ከ-ም ''kä-m'' in main clauses, the (post-subject) prefix ከ- ''kä-'' for subordinate/subjunctive verbs. Infinitives and other derived nouns use the prefix ሲ- ''si-''. | ||
:e.g. ኜደ '' | :e.g. ኜደ ''nyéddä'' "I walk" → ከኜደም ''<b>kä</b>nyéddä<b>m</b>'' "I do not walk" | ||
::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>weddé'' "do not walk", የ<b>ከ</b>ዬዴ ''yä<b>kä</b>yeddé'' "that does not walk" | ::ከዌዴ ''<b>kä</b>weddé'' "do not walk", የ<b>ከ</b>ዬዴ ''yä<b>kä</b>yeddé'' "that does not walk" | ||
::ግሴደ ''gï<b>s</b> | ::ግሴደ ''gï<b>s</b>éddä'' "to not walk", ምሴዝ ''mï<b>s</b>ézz'' "one who does not walk" | ||
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'''Yes/No''' questions are formed with the suffix ''-m'' on the verb. | '''Yes/No''' questions are formed with the suffix ''-m'' on the verb. | ||
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=====Suffixes===== | =====Suffixes===== | ||
'''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | '''Perfect''' is formed with the ending ''-e'' {''-re''}. Suffix-derived verbs may form it irregularly (see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]]). | ||
:e.g. ጔዴ '' | :e.g. ጔዴ ''gwédd<b>e</b>'' "to have walked", ግዙጜ ''gïzúng<b>e</b>'' "to have cooked" | ||
'''Subjunctive''' is formed with the ending ''-é'' {''-́''}. <!--The '''perfect subjunctive''' is formed by placing a high tone on the final vowel of the perfect.-->There is no perfect subjunctive. | '''Subjunctive''' is formed with the ending ''-é'' {''-́''}. <!--The '''perfect subjunctive''' is formed by placing a high tone on the final vowel of the perfect.-->There is no perfect subjunctive. | ||
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'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ '' | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", ጔዲሌ ''gwédd<b>ïl</b>e'' "to have walked to". | ||
:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ '' | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኔ ''gwéddïl<b>än</b>e'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኔ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>e'' "to have cooked each other". | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኔ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>e'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | '''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | ||
:e.g. ጔደጘ '' | :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጜ ''gwédd<b>äng</b>e'' "to have walked a lot". | ||
:: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጜ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>e'' "to have cooked a large amount". | :: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጜ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>e'' "to have cooked a large amount". | ||
'''Intensive''' is formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (minus the onset) and shifting the accent one syllable forward. If the root ends in a geminate consonant, it loses its gemination in the base root. The intensive indicates that an action is performed repeatedly and.or intensively. The intensive and extensive are very similar in meaning and are often more or less interchangeable. | '''Intensive''' is formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (minus the onset) and shifting the accent one syllable forward. If the root ends in a geminate consonant, it loses its gemination in the base root. The intensive indicates that an action is performed repeatedly and.or intensively. The intensive and extensive are very similar in meaning and are often more or less interchangeable. | ||
:e.g. ጔደደ ''gwed<b> | :e.g. ጔደደ ''gwed<b>édd</b>ä'' "to walk all over the place", ጔደዴ ''gwed<b>édd</b>e'' "to have walked all over the place". | ||
:: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | :: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | ||
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Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | ||
:e.g. ጔዴዚሽለነጟ ''gwed<b>ezzishlänä́ngwa</b>'' "to extensively be made to walk repeatedly to each other". | :e.g. ጔዴዚሽለነጟ ''gwed<b>ezzishlänä́ngwa</b>'' "to extensively be made to walk repeatedly to each other". | ||
<!-- gwedd were low --> | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||