|
|
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| :[[Verapamil/Lexicon]]
| | '''Qlenziêr''' is a language isolate spoken in Txapoalli. |
| :[[Verapamil/Swadesh list]]
| |
| | |
| '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''verappamil hwenta'' /veɾappamil hwenta/) is one of the official languages of [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia]]; it is inspired by *t a m i l* and Quenya. | |
| | |
| ==Todo==
| |
| *Capital of Verapamil = Tiruttazhai; some other place names are Tiruvastalyë, Tiruccómayarnë, Tiruppelvarai, Tiruffárimenwë, Ainulindalë
| |
| *''herwassallu'' = oak tree
| |
| *''vezhailesta'' = library
| |
| *''Esalienna (or esalínna) vailíyar teriyum vinívanwë.'' = We are speaking about love and hate.
| |
| *''Vunen pizhívalya?'' = Are you saving it for me?
| |
| *''Silar esanwenen, silai yezhittor quatanwë.'' = We love him, therefore we celebrate his inauguration.
| |
| *''quézhë'' = foot
| |
| *''nómazh'' = face
| |
| *''eccazh'' = grass
| |
| *''teri-'' = touch
| |
| *''yezhi-'' = to enter
| |
| *''hwenta'' = language
| |
| *''-mai'' = agentive
| |
| *''quésil'' = whole
| |
| *''lailë'' = world
| |
| *''ónya-'' = to use
| |
| *''írappál'' = in one way, in the same way
| |
| *''vini-'' = to speak
| |
| | |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
| |
| ! colspan="2"|
| |
| ! | Labial
| |
| ! | Alveolar
| |
| ! | Palatal
| |
| ! | Velar
| |
| ! | Labiovelar
| |
| ! | Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Nasal
| |
| | '''m''' /m/
| |
| | '''n''' /n/
| |
| | '''ny''' /ɲ/
| |
| | [ŋ]
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Plosive
| |
| | '''p''' /p~b/
| |
| | '''t''' /t~d/
| |
| | '''ty''' /t͡ɕ~dʑ/
| |
| | '''c''' /k~g~x/
| |
| | '''qu''' /kʷ~gʷ/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan="2" |Fricative
| |
| ! | <small>plain</small>
| |
| | '''f''' /f/
| |
| | '''s''' /s/
| |
| | '''hy''' /ç/
| |
| |
| |
| | '''hw''' /xʷ/
| |
| | '''h''' /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | <small>voiced</small>
| |
| | '''v''' /v/
| |
| | '''zh''' /ʒ/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Trill/Flap
| |
| |
| |
| | '''r''' /ɾ~r/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" |Approximant
| |
| | '''w''' /w/
| |
| | '''l''' /l/
| |
| | '''y''' /j/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| | |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
| |
| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
| |
| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Close
| |
| | '''i''' /i/
| |
| | '''í''' /iː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''u''' /u~ɯᵝ/
| |
| | '''ú''' /uː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Mid
| |
| | '''e''' /e/
| |
| | '''é''' /eː/
| |
| | [ə]
| |
| |
| |
| | '''o''' /o/
| |
| | '''ó''' /oː/
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="" |Open
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | '''a''' /a/
| |
| | '''á''' /aː/
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Diphthongs: '''ai au''' /ai au/
| |
| | |
| ;Notes
| |
| */u~ɯᵝ/ is [u] in the first syllable, and [ɯᵝ] otherwise.
| |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| Nouns have 8 inflectional cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative, equative, translative), and have several declensions as in Quenya. The accusative is only used for definite objects, as in Tamil.
| |
| ====Consonant nouns====
| |
| Nouns ending in ''-ai'' also belong to this declension class: ''-y-'' is added to the stem when adding a suffix beginning with a vowel, e.g. ''vezhai'' 'book (nom.)' > ''vezhaiyai'' 'book (gen.)'.
| |
| | |
| There is also a suffix ''-(y)um'' which works like Latin ''-que''.
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''sain'' - human'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''sain''||''sainnë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''sainar''||''sainnëar'', ''sainneyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''sainai''||''sainneyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''sainen''||''sainnen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''sainet''||''sainnet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''sainál''||''sainneyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''sainello''||''sainnello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''saincal''||''sainneccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''nómazh'' - face'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''nómazh''||''nómazhnë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''nómazhar''||''nómazhnëar'', ''nómazhneyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''nómazhai''||''nómazhneyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''nómazhen''||''nómazhnen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''nómazhet''||''nómazhnet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''nómazhál''||''nómazhneyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''nómazhello''||''nómazhnello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''nómazhcal''||''nómazhneccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====e-nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''colvë'' - fruit'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''colvë''||''colvenë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''colvëar'', ''colveyar'' ||''colvenëar'', ''colveneyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''colveyai''||''colveneyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''colven''||''colvenen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''colvet''||''colvenet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''colveyál''||''colveneyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''colvello''||''colvenello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''colveccal''||''colveneccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====i-nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''érwi'' - pot'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''érwi''||''érwinë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''érwier'', ''érwiyar'' ||''érwinëar'', ''érwineyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''érwiyai''||''érwineyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''érwien''||''érwinen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''érwiet''||''érwinet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''érwiyál''||''érwineyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''érwillo''||''érwinello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''érwiccal''||''érwineccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====a-nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''lesta'' - house'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''lesta''||''lestanë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''lestar''||''lestanëar'', ''lestaneyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''lestai''||''lestaneyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''lestan''||''lestanen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''lestat''||''lestanet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''lestál''||''lestaneyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''lestallo''||''lestanello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''lestaccal''||''lestaneccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====u/o-nouns====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="3"| '''''sallu'' - tree'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Singular !! Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Nominative
| |
| |''sallu''||''sallunë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Accusative
| |
| |''sallor''||''sallunëar'', ''salluneyar''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Genitive
| |
| |''salluvai''||''salluneyai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Dative
| |
| |''sallon''||''sallunen''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Locative
| |
| |''sallut''||''sallunet''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Ablative
| |
| |''salluvál''||''salluneyál''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Equative
| |
| |''sallullo''||''sallunello''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|Translative
| |
| |''salluccal''||''salluneccal''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} is pro-drop.
| |
| | |
| *I: ''vun''
| |
| *you: ''pal''
| |
| *this / that / yon: ''vel'' / ''sil'' / ''nol'' (animates: ''veles'' / ''siles'' / ''noles'')
| |
| *we (inc, dual): ''var''
| |
| *we (exc): ''vunnë''
| |
| *we (inc, >2): ''varnë''
| |
| *you: ''palnë''
| |
| *these/those: ''velnë'' / ''silnë'' / ''nolnë''
| |
| | |
| ====Possessive suffixes====
| |
| Possessive suffixes are placed after the plural suffix and before the case suffix.
| |
| *1ex.sg: ''-(i)nyë'', 1ex.pl: ''-rmë''
| |
| *1in: ''-(v/y)óm''
| |
| *2.sg: ''-(i)llë'', 2.pl: ''-lmë''
| |
| *3: ''-(i)nna''
| |
| | |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| There is a negative suffix, ''-li-''.
| |
| | |
| Verbal nouns use the suffix ''-ttu''.
| |
| ====Tense suffixes====
| |
| *''-0'': timeless
| |
| *''-ːva-'': present
| |
| *''-ri-'': past
| |
| *''-tti-'': future
| |
| ====Personal suffixes====
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan="4" | Personal suffixes
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1
| |
| |''-n''
| |
| |''-nwë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |''-l''
| |
| |''-lwë''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.an
| |
| |''-tu''
| |
| |rowspan="2"|''-tai''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3.inan
| |
| |''-r''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Clausal suffixes====
| |
| *''-um'': "and"
| |
| *''-ssë'': "if"
| |
| *''-lassë'' or ''-lasset'': "when"
| |
| *''-nen'': "because"
| |
| *''-(y)án'': but
| |
| | |
| ====Discourse====
| |
| *''-ya'': interrogative
| |
| | |
| ===Numbers===
| |
| 1: i / ír / íres (animate)
| |
| 2: cai / cais (animate)
| |
| 3: min / mínes (animate)
| |
| 4: tan / tánes (animate)
| |
| 5: mar / máres (animate)
| |
| 6: si / sís (animate)
| |
| 7: atu / átus (animate)
| |
| 8: son / sonno / sónnos (animate)
| |
| 9: ostya / óstyas (animate)
| |
| 10: mun / múnyë / múnyes (animate)
| |
| 11: hal / haltë / haltes (animate)
| |
| 12: iruccu
| |
| 13: iruccír(es)
| |
| 14: iruccuvér(es)
| |
| 15: iruccumín(es)
| |
| ...
| |
| 24: caiccu
| |
| 36: minuccu
| |
| 48: tanuccu
| |
| 60: maruccu
| |
| 72: siyuccu
| |
| 84: atuccu
| |
| 96: sonnuccu
| |
| 108: ostyaccu
| |
| 120: múnyeccu
| |
| 132: halteccu
| |
| 144: rúya
| |
| | |
| ===Derivational morphology===
| |
| Compounds are common, as in other "CW-Complex" languages in Etalocin. The "raddoppiamento sintattico" also operates in compounds, so nouns ending in a vowel will cause the first consonant in the next component noun to geminate: ''túnye'''pp'''ari'' = "bush curtain" (an art form made with plants).
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Verapamil is completely head-final.
| |
| ==Tower of Babel==
| |
| 1. ''Sillassë, quésil lailet ír hwentar ónyariyum írappál viniritai.''
| |
| | |
| At that time, people in the whole world used the same language and spoke in the same way.
| |
| | |
| Babel = Pavel or Pavil
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Tricin]]
| |
| [[Category:Wakanic languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Languages]]
| |