Efenol: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Efenol (view source)

Revision as of 22:04, 6 July 2018

10,994 bytes added ,  6 July 2018
Northern orthographies
(Orthographies for Western dialects)
(Northern orthographies)
Line 3: Line 3:
|pronunciation=/e.fe.ˈnol/
|pronunciation=/e.fe.ˈnol/
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam1=Proto-Indo-European
|ancestor=Proto-Indo-European
|fam2=Latin
|ancestor2=Latin
|fam3=Romance
|ancestor3=Romance
|fam4=Spanish
|ancestor4=Spanish
|fam5=Old Efenol
|ancestor5=Old Efenol
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|created = 2010
|created = 2010
Line 146: Line 145:
** Eastern, North-Western and most forms of North-Eastern Efenol feature alveolo-palatal affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/.
** Eastern, North-Western and most forms of North-Eastern Efenol feature alveolo-palatal affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/.
** Northern and North-Eastern Efenol feature an alveolar affricate /ts/.
** Northern and North-Eastern Efenol feature an alveolar affricate /ts/.
** Some Eastern and North-Eastern varieties feature a voiceless approximant /ʍ/.
** Unlike Western (and North-Western) Efenol, the alveolar trill /r/ may occur word-medially in other dialects. Only Northern and Central Efenol allow a word-final trill.
** Unlike Western (and North-Western) Efenol, the alveolar trill /r/ may occur word-medially in other dialects. Only Northern and Central Efenol allow a word-final trill.
** Northern Efenol merges the trills /r/ and /ʀ/ into /r/. This is also found in some forms of Central and North-Eastern Efenol.
** Northern Efenol merges the trills /r/ and /ʀ/ into /r/. This is also found in some forms of Central and North-Eastern Efenol.
Line 203: Line 203:
* Using digraphs with the letter <h> as their second element.
* Using digraphs with the letter <h> as their second element.
* Using the letter <c> for the phoneme /k/ even before /e/ and /i/ (Eastern Efenol's orthography being an exception to this).
* Using the letter <c> for the phoneme /k/ even before /e/ and /i/ (Eastern Efenol's orthography being an exception to this).
* Using <cg>, <pb> and <td> to mark lenited <c>, <p> and <t>.
* Using <cg>, <pb> and <td> to mark lenited 'c', 'p' and 't'.
* Marking stress position through the same strategy: an acute accent is placed over the stressed vowel except when it's on the last syllable of a word or when the vowel already carries a diacritic.
* Marking stress position through the same strategy: an acute accent is placed over the stressed vowel except when it's on the last syllable of a word or when the vowel already carries a diacritic.


Line 210: Line 210:
====Western-like orthographies====
====Western-like orthographies====


Western-like orthographies are used for the Western Efenol (the basis for Standard Efenol), North-Western Efenol and by some Central Efenol speakers (which may also choose to write in a northern-like orthography).
Western-like orthographies are used for Western Efenol (the basis for Standard Efenol), North-Western Efenol and by some Central Efenol speakers (which may also choose to write in a northern-like orthography).


Key features of western-like orthographies include the usage of digraphs for most fricatives such as <ch> for /x/, <th> for /θ/ and <dh> for /ð/. Except for <r>, which is pronounced /r/ word-initially or /ɾ/ otherwise, letters and digraphs retain the same pronunciation regardless of their position within a word.
Key features of western-like orthographies include the usage of digraphs for most fricatives such as <ch> for /x/, <th> for /θ/ and <dh> for /ð/. Except for <r>, which is pronounced /r/ word-initially or /ɾ/ otherwise, letters and digraphs retain the same pronunciation regardless of their position within a word.
Line 222: Line 222:
|-
|-
| a
| a
| /a/ [a]
| /a/ [ä]
| Also <á> if stressed and not in the final syllable.
| Also <á> if stressed and not in the final syllable.
|-
|-
Line 334: Line 334:
digraph <ng> /ŋ/ (or <nn> /n/ in Central Efenol). Not used in North-Western Efenol
digraph <ng> /ŋ/ (or <nn> /n/ in Central Efenol). Not used in North-Western Efenol
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | i
| rowspan="2" | i
| /i/
| /i/
Line 543: Line 542:
Apostrophes are also used to indicate the attributive/genitive case of nouns (typically expressed through lenition) when the initial consonant of the noun is invariable to lenition. For example, the attributive form of ''falth'' (silver) becomes'' 'falth'' (of silver, made of silver) despite keeping its pronunciation unchanged (compare ''cóver'', 'copper' vs the lenited form ''cgóver'', 'of copper, made of copper').
Apostrophes are also used to indicate the attributive/genitive case of nouns (typically expressed through lenition) when the initial consonant of the noun is invariable to lenition. For example, the attributive form of ''falth'' (silver) becomes'' 'falth'' (of silver, made of silver) despite keeping its pronunciation unchanged (compare ''cóver'', 'copper' vs the lenited form ''cgóver'', 'of copper, made of copper').


===Morphophonology===
====Northern-like orthographies====
 
Northern-like orthographies are used for Northern Efenol, Eastern Efenol, North-Eastern Efenol and by some Central Efenol speakers (which may also choose to write in a western-like orthography). The orthography of the Southern Efenol language (not covered in this article) is also closest to the northern model.
 
Key features of northern-like orthographies include the usage single letters for some sounds represented as digraphs in western-like orthographies such as <h> for /x/ instead of Western <ch> or <z> for /θ/ instead of Western <th>.
 
Another salient feature of northern-like orthographies is that the letter <d> represents voiced stops word-initially but stands for voiced fricatives in other positions.
 
The following table shows the sound correspondences for letters and digraphs in these orthographies:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Letter
! Pronunciation
! Notes
|-
| a
| /a/ [ä]
| Also <á> if stressed and not in the final syllable. In Eastern and North-Eastern Efenol,
an stressed short <a> will be pronounced as a central [ä] while an unstressed short <a>
is reduced to a frontal [a] or, in some North-Eastern varieties, a schwa [ə].
|-
| â
| /aː/ [äː]
|
|-
| b
| /b/
| Represents a bilabial approximant, [β̞], in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| bb
| /b/
| Used in Central Efenol to represent a word-final /b/ descended from a Spanish /mb/,
corresponds to Western -hb.
|-
| bh
| /v/
| Represents a lenited 'b' /b/. Not used in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| c
| /k/, /tʃ/
| In Northern, North-Eastern and Central dialects, <c> always  represents a /k/ sound
(other than in digraphs), unlike English or Spanish <c>.
 
In Eastern Efenol, however, the letter <c> represents the phoneme /tʃ/ before front
vowels and /k/ elsewhere. A large number of Eastern speakers prefer to sidestep this
ambiguity by always using the letter <ç> for /tʃ/ and spelling all remaining /k/'s as <k>.
|-
| ch
| /x/
| Represents a mutated <c> /k/ (or potentially an Eastern Efenol <k> /k/).
|-
| cg
| /g/, /dʒ/
| As /g/ (or [ɰ] in Eastern Efenol): represents a lenited <c> /k/ unless the word is preceded by
a determiner or possessive, in that case the /g/ sound is spelled as <g>.
 
In Eastern Efenol, a lenited <c> before a front vowel (pronounced /tʃ/) yields /dʒ/ which may
also be spelled as <j>. In this dialect, the digraph <cg> when pronounced /dʒ/ cannot be
reduced to <g>, even if the word was preceded by a determiner or a possessive.
|-
| ç
| /tʃ/
| Only used in Eastern Efenol (although North-Eastern Efenol may also use it for
Eastern Efenol borrowings).
 
In Eastern Efenol <ç> may be used either to supplement <c> when /tʃ/ does not
immediately precede a front vowel or as the only representation of /tʃ/, replacing <c>.
 
The digraph <tç> is preferred in word-final position.
|-
| d
| /d/, /ð/
| Represents a voiced stop /d/ in word-initial position and voiced fricative /ð/ elsewhere.
 
In Eastern Efenol both sounds are merged into a voiced approximant /ð̞/.
|-
| dd
| /d/
| Represents a voiced stop /d/ in non word-initial position. Not used in Eastern Efenol.
 
Also used in Central Efenol to represent a word-final /d/ descended from a Spanish /nd/,
corresponds to Western -hd.
|-
| dh
| /ð/
| Makes it possible to write words with an initial /ð/. Typically found as a lenited initial <d>.
Not used in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| dj
| /dʒ/
| Only found in North-Western Efenol.
|-
| e
| /e/, /ɛ/
| Also <é> when stressed if not in the final syllable of a word. In Northern Efenol, the
phoneme is pronounced as a mid vowel [e̞], in Central Efenol  <e> is always an upper-mid
[e] while in Eastern and North-Eastern Efenol the vowel is upper-mid [e] when stressed or
lower-mid [ɛ] when unstressed.
|-
| ê
| /eː/
| Northern Efenol speakers pronounce /eː/ as [e̞ː].
|-
| ë
| /ɛ/
| Only used in Central Efenol.
|-
| f
| /f/
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | g
| /g/
| Word-initially. Pronounced as a voiced-approximant [ɰ] in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| [ç], [x], [g]
| Word-finally, <g> is realized as a [ç] in Northern and North-Eastern Efenol, [x] in Eastern
Efenol and simply as [g] in Central Efenol.
|-
| gg
| /g/
| Used in Central Efenol to represent a word-final /g/ descended from a Spanish /ng/,
corresponds to Western -hg.
|-
| gh
| /ɣ/, /x/, /ç/, /ʝ/
| Represents a lenited, lexeme-initial <g> /g/. Pronounced as a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ in
Central Efenol; as a voiceless velar fricative [x] in Northern Efenol (with [h] and [ħ] as
regional variants), as a voiceless palatal fricative /ç/ in North-Eastern Efenol and as a voiced
palatal fricative /ʝ/ in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| h
| /x/
| In Northern Efenol some speakers may pronounce <h> as /h/.
|-
| hw
| /x/, /xw/, /ʍ/
| Used in Eastern, Central and certain North-Eastern Efenol varieties to represent a
mutated <pw> or <p> /p/ descended from a Spanish /kw/.
/x/ is the prevailing pronunciation in Central Efenol (where /xw/ can nonetheless also
be found); /xw/ is more commonly found in Eastern Efenol although some speakers
may use /x/ or /ʍ/ instead. Meanwhile, some North-Eastern speakers may use the
phoneme /ʍ/ although <f> /f/ remains the most usual alternative in this dialect group.
 
Some Eastern Efenol may conflate /kw/-derived /p/ and inherited Spanish /p/ entirely
and use <ph> /f/ instead in case of rhotic or nasal mutation.
|-
| rowspan="2" | i
| /i/
| Also <í> if stressed and not in the final syllable. In Eastern and North-Eastern Efenol the
vowel is pronounced [i] when stressed and [ɪ] otherwise.
|-
| /j/
| When next to another vowel.
|-
| î
| /iː/
|
|-
| j
| /dʒ/
| Only found in Eastern Efenol (or, occasionally, in Eastern Efenol borrowings used by
North-Eastern Efenol speakers). Typically reduced to /ʒ/ in word-final position.
|-
| k
| /k/
| Only used in Eastern Efenol as an alternative to <c> that always represents the /k/
sound.
|-
| kg
| /g/ [ɰ]
| Alternative to <cg> (when pronounced [ɰ]) in Eastern Efenol; not used in any other
dialect (except as a symbol for kilograms).
|-
| kh
| /x/
| Alternative to <ch> in Eastern Efenol; not used in any other dialect.
|-
| l
| /l/
|
|-
| lh
| /ɫ/
| Only used in Northern Efenol and by a small amount of Central speakers who haven't merged
this phoneme with /l/.
|-
| li
| /ʎ/, /lj/
| The phoneme /ʎ/ and the sequence /lj/ are in free variation in Northern, North-Eastern and
Eastern Efenol. The phoneme /ʎ/, distinct from /lj/, is represented as <ll> in Central Efenol.
|-
| ll
| /ʎ/
| Only used in Central Efenol.
|-
| m
| /m/
|
|-
| mh
| /v/
| Represents a lenited <m> /m/
|-
| mm
| /m/
| Used word-finally to represent a former Spanish /mb/. Only used in Central Efenol.
|-
| n
| /n/
| May assimilate to adjacent consonants.
|-
| nn
| /n/
| Only used in Central Efenol. Used word-finally to represent a former Spanish /nd/. Central
Efenol speakers who merge /ŋ/ and /n/ may also use <nn> /n/ to represent a former Spanish
/ng/.
|-
| ng
| /ŋ/
| Some Central Efenol speakers may merge it with /n/ or, more rarely, with /ɲ/.
 
Always read as /ng/ [ŋg] in Northern Efenol.
|-
| ñ
| /ɲ/
| Only found in Central Efenol.
|-
| o
| /o/
| Also <ó> if stressed and not in the final syllable. Pronounced as a true mid-vowel [o̞] in
Central and Northern Efenol and as either [o] or [ɔ] (depending on whether it is stressed or
not, respectively) in the Eastern and North-Eastern dialects.
|-
| ô
| /oː/
| Mid [o̞ː] in Northern and Central Efenol; [oː] in Eastern and North-Eastern Efenol.
|-
| ö
| /ø/
| Not used in Central Efenol. In Northern Efenol, <ö> is pronounced as a mid vowel [ø̞] while
in Eastern and North-Eastern Efenol it is an upper-mid [ø] when stressed and either an [ɛ] or
an [œ] when unstressed (with the former realization being far more common).
|-
| öe
| /øː/, /øi/
| Both pronunciations are in free variation in Northern Efenol; the digraph isn't used in other
dialects.
|-
| ò
| /ɔ/
| Only found in Western Efenol.
|-
| p
| /p/
|
|-
| pb
| /b/
| Represents a lenited <p> /p/ unless the word is preceded by a determiner or a
possessive, in that case the /b/ sound is spelled <b>.
Pronounced [β̞] in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| ph
| /f/
| Represents a mutated <p> /p/.
|-
| pv
| /v/
| Represents a lenited <p> or <pw> /p/ that was originally a Spanish <kw>.
Using <v> is a permissible (though not as popular) alternative spelling
The digraph isn't used in Eastern Efenol where <b> or <pb> are used instead.
|-
| pw
| /p/
| Represents a /p/ that descends from a Spanish /kw/. Not used in Northern or Eastern
Efenol and rarely used (and optional) in North-Eastern Efenol. The digraph remains
commons (although also optional) in Central Efenol.
|-
| rowspan="2" | r
| /r/
| Word-initially
|-
| /ɾ/
| Non word-initially.
|-
| rg
| /ʀ/
| Not used in Northern Efenol. Some Central Efenol speakers merge /ʀ/ and /r/ into /r/. Those
speakers may replace all instances of <rg> with <r> (if word-initial) or <rr> (otherwise).
|-
| rr
| /r/
| Only used in Central Efenol for non word-initial /r/.
|-
| s
| /s/
|
|-
| sh
| /h/, /x/
| Represents a lenited <s> /s/. Pronounced /h/ in Northern and Central Efenol and /x/ in
Eastern Efenol; North-Eastern varieties may have either pronunciation although the latter is
slightly more typical.
 
In Northern and Central Efenol, the digraph <sh> is used for all instances of /h/.
|-
| ss
| /z/
| Not used in Eastern Efenol which merges the phonemes /s/ and /z/ into /s/. Some Central and
North-Eastern Efenol varieties may also have this merger and spell accordingly.
|-
| t
| /t/
|
|-
| tç
| /tʃ/
| Found only in Eastern Efenol as a word-final representation for /tʃ/.
|-
| td
| /d/
| Represents a lenited <t> /d/ unless the word is preceded by a determiner or a
possessive, then the /d/ sound is spelled <d>.
Pronounced [ð̞] in Eastern Efenol.
|-
| th
| /θ/
| Represents a mutated <t>, /t/.
|-
| ts
| /ts/
| Found only in Northern and North-Eastern Efenol.
|-
| u
| /u/
| Also <ú> if stressed and not in the final syllable of a word. In Eastern and North-Eastern
Efenol, the vowel is pronounced [u] when stressed or [ʊ] otherwise.
|-
| û
| /uː/
|
|-
| v
| /v/
|
|-
| w
| /w/
|
|-
| wh
| /v/
| Represents a lenited <w> /w/.
|-
| y
| /y/
| Also <ý> if stressed and not in the final syllable of a word. In Eastern and North-Eastern
Efenol, the vowel is pronounced [y] when stressed or [ʏ] otherwise.
|-
| ŷ
| /yː/
|
|-
| z
| /θ/
|
|}
 
Northern-like orthographies have a more limited usage of interpuncts: they aren't used in Northern Efenol and they are only used in other dialects if the article triggers some kind of mutation on the initial syllable of a noun. Thus, in Eastern Efenol, the singular form of 'the hand', which features a lenition, is ''a·mhan'' but its plural form, 'the hands', which does not feature lenition, is 'a mein'.
 
In addition to being used to mark contractions, in Eastern Efenol apostrophes are also used to indicate epenthetic schwas as in ''kyr'n'' /ˈkyɾən/.
 
==Morphology==
==Morphology==


Line 576: Line 947:




[[Category:{{Efenol}}]]
[[Category:Efenol]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Jotadiego
118

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/118250"

Navigation menu