Wistanian: Difference between revisions

Wistanian (view source)

Revision as of 11:33, 15 November 2018

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 ===Modification and Description===
-'''UNDER CONSTRUCTION'''
+Wistanian does not have a separate lexical category for determiners, adjectives, or adverbs. Rather these roles are replaced entirely by stative verbs, subordinate nouns, and other processes such as productive reduplication.
+Since stative verbs describe a state, identity, or condition of a verb, many of them can be used instrasitively as 'to be X. For example, '''bimiya''' (<code>fall-STA</code>) means 'to be fallen'; '''haayiya''' (<code>live-STA</code>) means 'to be alive'; '''iyiniya''' (<code>finish-STA</code>) means 'to be done.' This takes care of many phrases that English would use a predicate adjective for.
+ '''dajiya yau.'''
+ '''daji-iya''' yau.
+ '''hide-STA''' 1S.NOM.
+ "I am hidden"
+ '''zahuniya yau.'''
+ '''zahuna-iya''' yau
+ '''hunger-STA''' 1S.nom
+ "I am hungry."
+In the cases when the stative verb is not the main VP within a sentence, it is attached to its head with the active relativizer particle '''gaun'''.
+ '''ihilya lima gaun dajiya.'''
+ ihili-a   lima '''gaun''' daji-iya
+ laugh-DUR girl '''ACT'''  hide-STA.
+ "The hidden girl is laughing."
+ /"laughing girl who hides."
+ '''viga dari gaun zahuniya aa garauda.'''
+ viga-a   dari '''gaun''' zahuna-iya aa  garauda.
+ eat -DUR boy  '''ACT'''  hunger-STA ACC food.
+ "The hungry boy is eating food"
+ /"eating boy who hungers (ACC) food."
+Wistanian nouns compound often and productively. Compounds are always head initial, followed by the subordinate noun. For example:
+ '''ariyau garauvi'''
+ basket water
+ "water basket"
+ '''ariz  mauddan'''
+ brush hair
+ "hairbrush"
+(SIDENOTE: Some of the most common compounds are represented orthographically as one word, however this is of little consequence in spoken Wistanian.)
+Colors, possessives, numbers, and determiners act as nouns, and therefore can be featured after a noun to be its subordinate.
+ '''jiyag bayaari'''		'''jiyag yi'''
+ leaf  brown		leaf  mine
+ "brown leaf		"my leaf"
+ '''jiyag din'''	        '''jiyag id'''
+ leaf  three		leaf  this
+ "three leaves"		"this leaf"
+Because colors, possessives, numbers, and determiners are nouns, they can effectively act as agents and patients within a sentence, fulfilling any and every role as a normal noun can.
+ '''duliya yau aa bayaari.'''
+ dula  -iya yau    aa  '''bayaari.'''
+ put.on-STA 1S.NOM ACC '''brown.'''
+ "I am wearing the brown thing."
+ '''umaadai yi.'''
+ umaad-ai  '''yi'''
+ sink -PFV '''mine'''
+ "Mine sank."
+ '''alalya din aa ujadi.'''
+ alali -a   '''din'''   aa  ujadi
+ run.to-DUR '''three''' ACC house.
+ "The three are running to the house."
+ '''dajiya id.'''
+ daji-iya '''id'''.
+ hide-STA '''this'''.
+ "This is hidden."
+A final option is to use a relativizer particle. This method is favorable is formal contexts. In most cases, the possessive '''na''' is used, but colors, numbers, and possessives can also use the copulative particle '''va'''. This is slightly different than using a subordinate noun, since subordinate nouns help identify the head, whereas ''na'' and ''va'' phrases add new information to the head.
-Wistanian does not have a separate lexical category for determiners, adjectives, or adverbs. Rather these roles are replaced entirely by stative verbs, subordinate nouns, and other processes such as productive reduplication.
+ '''magin na lizai.'''
+ magin '''na   lizai'''.
+ table '''POSS great'''.
+ "The table is great."
+ /"The table has greatness."
+ '''magin va bayaari.'''
+ magin '''va  bayaari'''.
+ table '''COP brown'''.
+ "The table is brown"
+ '''magin na bayaari.'''
+ magin '''na bayaari'''.
+ table '''POSS brown'''.
+ "The table is brown."
+ /"The table has brown."
+ '''jwai yau aa garauda ddal magin na bayaari.'''
+ ju -ai  yau    aa  garauda ddal magin '''na bayaari'''.
+ set-PFV 1S.NOM ACC food    LOC  table '''POSS brown'''.
+ "I put the food on the table, which is brown."
+In some instances, nouns refer to a quality such as "loveliness", "peacefulness", "quietness", or "loudness".
+ '''yigai dari urabaa.'''
+ yiga -ai  dari '''urabaa'''
+ speak-PFV boy  '''loudness'''
+ "The loud boy spoke."
+ /"The loudness boy spoke."
+ '''yigai urabba.'''
+ yiga -ai  '''urabaa'''.
+ speak-PFV '''loudness'''.
+ "The loud one spoke."
+ /"The loudness spoke."
+ '''yigai dari aa urabaa.'''
+ yiga -ai  dari aa  '''urabaa'''.
+ speak-PFV boy  ACC '''loudness'''.
+ "The boy spoke something loud."
+ /"The boy spoke loudness."
+There are also no adverbs, such as the word "loudly" in "the boy spoke loudly." Since this is a description of how or with what the verb was accomplished, the Wistanian speaker will use the instrumental particle '''il'''.
+ '''yigai dari il urabaa.'''
+ yiga -ai  dari '''il   urabaa'''.
+ speak-PFV boy  '''INST loudness'''.
+ "The boy spoke loudly."
+ /"The boy spoke with loudness."
+Reduplication is another form of intensifying a verb or indicating a repeated action. To intensify a verb, simply reduplicate the entire verb (favored in formal contexts) or just the final syllable (favored in informal contexts).
+ '''hadiya hadiya yau.'''
+ '''hadu-iya hadu-iya''' yau.
+ '''know-STA know-STA''' 1S.NOM.
+ "I know very well." (Formal)
+ '''hadiyaya yau.'''
+ '''hadu-iya~ya'''  yau
+ '''know-STA~AUG''' 1S.NOM
+ "I know very well." (Informal)
+To indicate a repeated action, reduplicate the verb including the coordinating particles '''ya'''. The reduplicated verbs are often marked the same.
+ '''ya yiga ya yiga auzi.'''
+ '''ya yiga-a   ya yiga-a'''   auzi.
+ '''CO talk-DUR CO talk-DUR''' 3Sa.NOM.
+ "He keeps talking."
+ /"He is talking and is talking."
+ '''ya yigai ya yigai auzi.'''
+ '''ya yiga-ai  ya yiga-ai'''  auzi.
+ '''CO talk-PFV CO talk-PFV''' 3Sa.NOM
+ "He kept talking."
+ /"He talked and talked."
 ==Morphology==