185
edits
m (Expanded mod and description section) |
m (→Syntax: small updates) |
||
(35 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{construction}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%" | {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Wistanian'''<br />[[File: | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:2em;" | '''Wistanian'''<br />[[File:Aningali.png|350px]]<br />[ən̻iːn̻ɡəl̻i] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Spoken in:''' || Wistania | | '''Spoken in:''' || Wistania | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Conworld:''' || | | '''Conworld:''' || Vaal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 50,000,000 | | '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 50,000,000 | ||
Line 12: | Line 14: | ||
| Taliv<br /> - Taliv-Nati Pidgin<br /> '''''- Wistanian''''' | | Taliv<br /> - Taliv-Nati Pidgin<br /> '''''- Wistanian''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''Writing System:''' || Taliv Alphabet<br/>Bwolotil Alphabet<br/>Nati Abugida | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Paul A. Daly || Began: | | Paul A. Daly || Began: 10 August 2016<br/>Status: Mostly Fuctional | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background color:#ffffff; font-size:18px;" | '''Further Resources''' | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background color:#ffffff; font-size:18px;" | '''Further Resources''' | ||
Line 27: | Line 25: | ||
|} | |} | ||
<big><span style="color:red;">'''This page is currently outdated. Updates to come... eventually.'''</span></big> | |||
<span style="color:red;">'''Update update (27/8/2019): A brand new grammar sketch is currently in the works. Soon after that gets written, I plan for this page to be officially updated. I'm keeping it as is for now, however, because I am still using it as a reference. It's not completely obsolete, just a couple things have changed (e.g., re-labels, more details, plus there are conjunctions now). I hope to update this here very very soon. Thanks for your patience.'''</span> | |||
<span style="color:red;">'''Update update update (20/3/2020): Updates to this page have begun, but they are not finished. Do not trust everything you read here.</span> | |||
<span style="color:red;">Headers that are currently correct: Intro, Phonology, Consonants, Vowels, Syllable Structure, Prosody, Romanization . . .</span> | |||
'''Wistanian''' (IPA: /wɪˈsteɪniən/), natively known as '''aningali''' (IPA:[ən̻iːn̻ɡəl̻i]) and often nicknamed '''Wisto''', is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language . Its development began in August 2016 for use in a WIP novel series by prominent characters who are monolingual or bilingual in the language. It is currently on "Version 9.1," having received several edits, updates, and an occasional total rehaul during its development. | |||
In-universe, Wistanian is spoken by groups of fictional peoples on a large tropical island on a planet called Vaal (IPA: [veːl̻]). It is a descendant of the Taliv language after having merged with the Nati language during the Wistanian War. These two language communities worked together against the Bwolotil people who were seeking complete possession of the land. This war eventually ended with the signing of a peace treaty between four people groups, the Taliv, Nati, Bwolotil, and the Katapu who remained mostly separated from much of the fighting. About half a decade later, a fifth people group, the Uzin, joined the Wistanian union. The creole that arose from the Taliv-Nati alliance grew in popularity and loaned a large number of terms from the other languages. During the time of the novels, Wistanian has become the ''lingua franca'' of the island. It is considered the language of government, economy, and education, and it is mandatorily taught in most schools. There are approximately 50 million speakers, comprising 95% of the island's population. Of that number, 60% are native in the language and 20% speak it monolingually. | |||
Wistanian | Dialects of Wistanian are broadly split into three categories: the Standard Dialect, spoken in the central mountains, major cities, and among the Taliv and Nati people groups; The Western Dialect, spoken by a majority of Bwolotil and many Uzin speakers; and The Northern Dialect, spoken by the Katapu and some Uzin. Each dialect is mutually intelligible, although some variations have diverged enough to be confusing to the standard listener. These dialects vary in pronunciation, lexicon, and sometimes syntax. Aulwin Wistanian is a mostly unintelligible variety spoken on a small island off Wistania's northwest shore. | ||
Typologically, Wistanian is a verb-initial and heavily isolating language with around 1.2 morphemes per phonological word. Its phonology is fairly small including an entirely voiced fricative set and no round vowels. Verbs conjugate for perfective, imperfective, and stative aspects with an additional irrealis form for each. Count nouns are declined for plural number only if its number is higher than five. Wistanian has a large collection of grammatical particles, honorifics, and conjunctions (which are sensitive to switch-reference), but no distinctive lexical category for adpositions, adjectives, or adverbs. The language is primarily written using the Talivian Alphabet (which has horizontal RtL and vertical UtD variants). Some alternate scripts do exist, namely the Diwa Alphabet and Nati Abugida. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Derived from the Taliv language, trimmed down by Nati influence, Wistanian has 16 consonants and 5 vowel phonemes. All vowels are almost completely unrounded in the standard dialect, and there's a heavy trend toward voiced fricatives and plosives. Allophony is rather sparse in standard speech, however, it becomes more common in certain dialects. Syllable structure is CCVC, although onsets are restricted to single consonants or fricative-semivowel clusters and codas do not include /w/, /j/, or /ɦ/. There are three varieties of stress that are defined by vowel quality and volume. Despite clear trends, stress is irregular and lexical. | |||
The consonants are as follows (allophones are in | ===Consonants=== | ||
The consonants are as follows (allophones are in [brackets]): | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 87: | Line 60: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | n | | style="text-align: center;" | n | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | [ŋ]<sup>2</sup> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 109: | Line 82: | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | z | | style="text-align: center;" | z | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ʒ | | style="text-align: center;" | ʒ | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | style="text-align: center;" | [ɣ]<sup>3</sup> | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | ɦ | | style="text-align: center;" | ɦ | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 130: | Line 103: | ||
# n > ŋ / _[velar] | # n > ŋ / _[velar] | ||
# ɦ > ɣ / #_, [stress]_ | # ɦ > ɣ / #_, [stress]_ | ||
# | # /w/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /βʷ/ is spoken in quick speech. Whenever immediately following a consonant, this is always pronounced as /w/. In the Western Dialect, it is always pronounced as /w/. | ||
# | # /r/ is spoken in emphasized or slow speech, while /ɾ/ is spoken in quick speech. In some words, the trilled is preferred even in quick speech; for example, '''ggarauni''' (large) is almost always pronounced [kərɑni]. | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
The | The following table features the five distinct monophthongs of Wistanian, /i e a ɑ ɯ/, in each form of phonological stress. With primary stress, they are long and tense; with secondary stress, they are short and tense; with tertiary stress, they are short and lax (/e/ and /ɑ/ never receive tertiary stress). Wistanian's one diphthong /a͡i/ has no lax form, therefore only taking on primary or secondary stress. (Secondary stress is only observed in polysyllabic perfective verbs). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | PRIMARY | |||
! rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | SECONDARY | |||
! rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" | TERTIARY (LAX) | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | | ||
! style="text-align: center; | ! style="text-align: center;" | Front | ||
! style="text-align: center; | ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Central | ||
! style="text-align: center; | ! style="text-align: center;" | Back | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Central | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Back | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Front | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Central | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Back | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center; | ! style="text-align: center;" | High | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | i | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | iː | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ɯː | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | High | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | i | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ɯ | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | High | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ɪ | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ʊ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center | ! style="text-align: center;" | Mid | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | eː | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ɑː | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Mid | |||
| | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | e | ||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ɑ | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Mid | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | | ||
| style="text-align: center;" | | | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=" | ! style="text-align: center;" | Low | ||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | aː | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Low | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | a | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Low | |||
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ə | |||
|} | |} | ||
* All vowels become breathy after /ɦ/. | * All vowels become breathy after /ɦ/. | ||
* /ɯ/ and /ɑ/ shift to [u] and [ɒ] after /w~βʷ/. | |||
Syllable | ===Syllable Structure=== | ||
Wistanian has a (C<sub>1</sub>/FA)V(C<sub>2</sub>) syllable structure. (C<sub>1</sub>) can be any phoneme that is a consonant, (FA) can be any fricative (/v/, /z/, /ʒ/, or [ɣ]) immediately followed by an approximate (/w/ or /j/), V is any vowel, and (C<sub>2</sub>) is any consonant that is not an approximate (/w/ or /j/) or /ɦ/. | |||
(C/FA) refers to the optional syllable onset which can either be any consonant or a fricative/approximate cluster (/vj/, /vw/, /zj/, /zw/, /ʒj/, /ʒw/, [ɣj], [ɣw]). V refers to the required syllable nucleus which must be any vowel. (N) is an optional coda, which can be any consonant except /j/, /w ~ βʷ/, or /ɦ/. For example, legal syllables are /vjan/, /pe/, /ai̯l/, and /ɑ/, but syllables like /bjaw/, /zpe/, /ild/ and /r/ are not legal. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
In | Wistanian speakers are usually soft and clear, as politeness and simplicity are important values in many of their cultures. In most Talivian villages, speaking loudly is considered rude and is, therefore, looked down upon. In the Southwest, the volume is typically louder. Speed also varies as the Northeast prefers slow and careful speech while the Northwest prefers fast-paced speech. | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Line 198: | Line 175: | ||
====Romanization==== | ====Romanization==== | ||
Wistanian employs its own script, but it is romanized with a system that reflects the script and its spellings. The romanization rules are as follows: | Wistanian employs its own script, but it is romanized for Earthlings with a system that reflects the script and its spellings. The romanization rules are as follows: | ||
* /m/, /n/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /v/, /z/, and /l/ are represented with the corresponding IPA symbol. | * /m/, /n/, /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /v/, /z/, and /l/ are represented with the corresponding IPA symbol. | ||
Line 208: | Line 185: | ||
* /ai̯/ is represented by ⟨ai⟩. | * /ai̯/ is represented by ⟨ai⟩. | ||
* /e/ is represented by ⟨aa⟩. | * /e/ is represented by ⟨aa⟩. | ||
* /ɑ/ and [ɒ] is | * /ɑ/ and [ɒ] is represented by ⟨au⟩. | ||
===Script=== | |||
<big><span style="color:red;">'''ACURATE INFORMATION ENDS HERE.'''</span></big> | |||
====Script==== | ====Script==== | ||
Wistanian has an alphabet which represents the different sounds in Wistanian. The alphabet was inspired by Latin, IPA, and Greek, but is often described as Armenian-looking. The font, based on [[w: Cambria_(typeface)|Cambria]], was created using [https://sketchbook.com/ Autodesk Sketchbook] for the iPad and converted into a font using [https://www.calligraphr.com/en/ Calligraphr] and [https://www.cr8software.net/typelight.html TypeLight]. | Wistanian has an alphabet which represents the different sounds in Wistanian. The alphabet was inspired by Latin, IPA, and Greek, but is often described as Armenian-looking. The font, based on [[w: Cambria_(typeface)|Cambria]], was created using [https://sketchbook.com/ Autodesk Sketchbook] for the iPad and converted into a font using [https://www.calligraphr.com/en/ Calligraphr] and [https://www.cr8software.net/typelight.html TypeLight]. | ||
The script, often referred to as '''araman taliv | The script, often referred to as '''araman taliv''' (lit. "Talivian dishes") began its evolution during the Diwa oppression when the Taliv people were secretly plotting escape by setting their dishes outside their homes in certain orders to convey messages. After their escape and resettlement on the Wistanian island, the dishes gave form to the written language. | ||
Another interesting feature of the script is "compound glyphs." They are /k/, /t/, /p/, /e/, and /ɑ/, and they are made by doubling or combining two different glyphs together. This is why the romanization of Wistanian uses ⟨gg⟩ for /k/, ⟨au⟩ for /ɑ/, as well as the other digraphs. | Another interesting feature of the script is "compound glyphs." They are /k/, /t/, /p/, /e/, and /ɑ/, and they are made by doubling or combining two different glyphs together. This is why the romanization of Wistanian uses ⟨gg⟩ for /k/, ⟨au⟩ for /ɑ/, as well as the other digraphs. The letter for ⟨i⟩ is also normally connected to the consonant before it. | ||
Like the lexicon and grammar, | Like the lexicon and grammar, the Wistanian script has been redesigned multiple times - three, to be exact. The original script was an alphabet, but it did not capture the "spirit" of Wistanian, so it was scrapped for an abugida. The abugida, which was beautiful, was also difficult to learn and write, prompting yet another redesign. The original design is now considered as the old Diwa alphabet, while the abugida is an alternative script used by the Nati. | ||
===Dialectal Variation=== | ===Dialectal Variation=== | ||
Line 234: | Line 209: | ||
The Northern Dialect, spoken by many Katapu, is primarily distinguished through extensive devoicing in both fricatives and plosives so that words such as '''vigaz''' /viɡaz/ are pronounced [fikas]. Standard /p t k/ are ejectivized as /p' t' k'/. This dialect also tends to put nasals and voiced plosives as interchangeable so that '''ani''' could be pronounced as [ani] or [adi]. Vowels also undergo a number of shifts, such as <code>ɯ, ɑ > ʊ, o</code>. Like the Western Dialect, the Northern dialect features different kinship terms, specialized vocabulary, unique figures of speech, and a formal register. In contrast, the Katapu has a large collection of honorifics which are based on age, sex, and occupation. | The Northern Dialect, spoken by many Katapu, is primarily distinguished through extensive devoicing in both fricatives and plosives so that words such as '''vigaz''' /viɡaz/ are pronounced [fikas]. Standard /p t k/ are ejectivized as /p' t' k'/. This dialect also tends to put nasals and voiced plosives as interchangeable so that '''ani''' could be pronounced as [ani] or [adi]. Vowels also undergo a number of shifts, such as <code>ɯ, ɑ > ʊ, o</code>. Like the Western Dialect, the Northern dialect features different kinship terms, specialized vocabulary, unique figures of speech, and a formal register. In contrast, the Katapu has a large collection of honorifics which are based on age, sex, and occupation. | ||
One sound change that varies among the dialects is the qualities of the /a/ and /ɑ/ vowels. In the standard accent, they are supposed to be distinctly [a] and [ɑ], however some speakers broaden the distinction by realizing /a/ as [æ]. Speakers of the Northern Dialect shift /ɑ/ to [o], and speakers of the Western Dialect recognize /ɑ/ as its rounded variant [ɒ]. In the Northeast and scattered regions of the central mountains, /a/ and /ɑ/ tend to merge into [a], making some minimal pairs such as '''bani''' (to make) and '''bauni''' (game) homonyms. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Wistanian follows a fairly rigid syntax | Wistanian follows a fairly rigid syntax due to its recent creolization and standardization at its in-universe conception. In almost all cases, Wistanian is verb-initial, followed by the nominative, accusative, instrumental, then purposive noun phrases. | ||
===Lexical Categories=== | ===Lexical Categories=== | ||
Wistanian has | Wistanian has six lexical categories, the noun, verb, particle, coordinator, honorific, and interjection. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Nouns | ! style="text-align: center;" | Nouns | ||
| Any word that can act as a subject or object the verb and is able to be either the head or attributive in a compound. | |||
| Any word that | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Verbs | ! style="text-align: center;" | Verbs | ||
| Any word that takes on verbal morphology and describes a state or action. | |||
| Any word that takes on verbal morphology | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Particles | ! style="text-align: center;" | Particles | ||
| Any word that has a grammatical role and cannot take on any additional morphemes. | | Any word that has a grammatical role and cannot take on any additional morphemes. | ||
|- | |||
! Coordinator | |||
| Any word that connects two or more words of a similar lexical category or two or more clauses. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Honorifics | ! style="text-align: center;" | Honorifics | ||
| A polite title used with many proper nouns. | | A polite title used with many proper nouns. | ||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Interjection | |||
| Any word that can stand alone and expresses a feeling or platitude. | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Word Order=== | |||
Wistanian is predominately head-initial and verb-initial. This is manifested in that particles are always expressed first in a particle phrase (PartP), head verbs are expressed first in a verb phrase (VP), and head nouns are expressed first in a noun phrase (NP). | |||
'''viga dari aa garauda bi.''' | |||
vig-a dari aa garauda+bi. | |||
eat-IPV boy ACC food+good | |||
"The boy is eating good food." | |||
This sentence is made up of the following phrases, the heads in '''bold''': | |||
* VP: '''viga'''... garauda | |||
* NP: '''dari'''; '''garauda''' bi | |||
* PartP: '''aa''' garauda | |||
Most of time, declarative and interrogative sentences will be expressed as verb-subject-object (VSO). However, imperative sentences use verb-object-subject (VOS). In the formal register of the Western Dialect, the word order changes dramatically into subject-object-verb (SOV), due to the SOV word order of the Bwolotil language spoken in those areas. | |||
''' | '''auv bimaj daridd, auzunwaj aa ujadi va jin, lu.''' | ||
auv bima-a -j daridd, auzunu-a -j aa ujadi va jin, lu. | |||
TEMP fall-DUR-IRR rain, arrive-DUR-IRR ACC house COP green, 2S.NOM. | |||
" | "When the rain falls, come into the house that is green." | ||
===Questions=== | ===Questions=== | ||
Line 308: | Line 286: | ||
'''yigai auzi aa a?''' | '''yigai auzi aa a?''' | ||
yiga -i auzi '''aa a'''? | yiga -i auzi '''aa a'''? | ||
speak- | speak-PRF 3Sa.NOM '''ACC Q'''. | ||
"What did he say?" (Lit. "He said...?") | "What did he say?" (Lit. "He said...?") | ||
Line 422: | Line 400: | ||
Wistanian does not have a separate lexical category for determiners, adjectives, or adverbs. Rather these roles are replaced entirely by stative verbs, subordinate nouns, and other processes such as productive reduplication. | Wistanian does not have a separate lexical category for determiners, adjectives, or adverbs. Rather these roles are replaced entirely by stative verbs, subordinate nouns, and other processes such as productive reduplication. | ||
Since stative verbs describe a state, identity, or condition of a verb, many of them can be used | Since stative verbs describe a state, identity, or condition of a verb, many of them can be used instransitively as 'to be X. For example, '''bimiya''' (<code>fall-STA</code>) means 'to be fallen'; '''haayiya''' (<code>live-STA</code>) means 'to be alive'; '''iyiniya''' (<code>finish-STA</code>) means 'to be done.' This takes care of many phrases that English would use a predicate adjective for. | ||
'''dajiya yau.''' | '''dajiya yau.''' | ||
Line 479: | Line 457: | ||
'''umaadai yi.''' | '''umaadai yi.''' | ||
umaad-ai '''yi''' | umaad-ai '''yi''' | ||
sink - | sink -PRF '''mine''' | ||
"Mine sank." | "Mine sank." | ||
Line 513: | Line 491: | ||
'''jwai yau aa garauda ddal magin na bayaari.''' | '''jwai yau aa garauda ddal magin na bayaari.''' | ||
ju -ai yau aa garauda ddal magin '''na bayaari'''. | ju -ai yau aa garauda ddal magin '''na bayaari'''. | ||
set- | set-PRF 1S.NOM ACC food LOC table '''POSS brown'''. | ||
"I put the food on the table, which is brown." | "I put the food on the table, which is brown." | ||
Line 520: | Line 498: | ||
'''yigai dari urabaa.''' | '''yigai dari urabaa.''' | ||
yiga -ai dari '''urabaa''' | yiga -ai dari '''urabaa''' | ||
speak- | speak-PRF boy '''loudness''' | ||
"The loud boy spoke." | "The loud boy spoke." | ||
/"The loudness boy spoke." | /"The loudness boy spoke." | ||
Line 526: | Line 504: | ||
'''yigai urabba.''' | '''yigai urabba.''' | ||
yiga -ai '''urabaa'''. | yiga -ai '''urabaa'''. | ||
speak- | speak-PRF '''loudness'''. | ||
"The loud one spoke." | "The loud one spoke." | ||
/"The loudness spoke." | /"The loudness spoke." | ||
Line 532: | Line 510: | ||
'''yigai dari aa urabaa.''' | '''yigai dari aa urabaa.''' | ||
yiga -ai dari aa '''urabaa'''. | yiga -ai dari aa '''urabaa'''. | ||
speak- | speak-PRF boy ACC '''loudness'''. | ||
"The boy spoke something loud." | "The boy spoke something loud." | ||
/"The boy spoke loudness." | /"The boy spoke loudness." | ||
Line 540: | Line 518: | ||
'''yigai dari il urabaa.''' | '''yigai dari il urabaa.''' | ||
yiga -ai dari '''il urabaa'''. | yiga -ai dari '''il urabaa'''. | ||
speak- | speak-PRF boy '''INST loudness'''. | ||
"The boy spoke loudly." | "The boy spoke loudly." | ||
/"The boy spoke with loudness." | /"The boy spoke with loudness." | ||
Line 566: | Line 544: | ||
'''ya yigai ya yigai auzi.''' | '''ya yigai ya yigai auzi.''' | ||
'''ya yiga-ai ya yiga-ai''' auzi. | '''ya yiga-ai ya yiga-ai''' auzi. | ||
'''CO talk- | '''CO talk-PRF CO talk-PRF''' 3Sa.NOM | ||
"He kept talking." | "He kept talking." | ||
/"He talked and talked." | /"He talked and talked." | ||
Line 586: | Line 564: | ||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
''currently being rehauled'' | |||
====Compounding==== | ====Compounding==== | ||
Line 686: | Line 596: | ||
''needs expansion'' | ''needs expansion'' | ||
Verbs, which tend to be expressed at the beginning of a sentence, are defined as any state or action applied to or applied by the subject. Wistanian verbs conjugate between the stative aspect, durative aspect, durative/ | Verbs, which tend to be expressed at the beginning of a sentence, are defined as any state or action applied to or applied by the subject. Wistanian verbs conjugate between the stative aspect, durative aspect, durative/perfect aspect, and irrealis mood. There are also a number of verbal particles (featured at the beginning of a VP) that denote conditional, telic, gnomic, permissive, obligative, and potential moods. There are a number of suffixes that can derive nouns from verbs. Tense is not marked but rather implied through context. | ||
All verbs possess either an ⟨-a⟩, ⟨-i⟩, or ⟨-u⟩ stem. Nouns or loan words that are added to the Wistanian lexicon are typically given the ⟨-a⟩ stem. Therefore ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems are usually attributed to verbs from Taliv unless a non-Talivian verb already ended with ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨-u⟩ (or a similar sound). These stems influence the conjugation paradigms of a verb, mainly by shifting to ⟨y⟩ if the stem is ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨w⟩ if the stem is ⟨-u⟩. Unconjugated, the verb acts as a gerund. | All verbs possess either an ⟨-a⟩, ⟨-i⟩, or ⟨-u⟩ stem. Nouns or loan words that are added to the Wistanian lexicon are typically given the ⟨-a⟩ stem. Therefore ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems are usually attributed to verbs from Taliv unless a non-Talivian verb already ended with ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨-u⟩ (or a similar sound). These stems influence the conjugation paradigms of a verb, mainly by shifting to ⟨y⟩ if the stem is ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨w⟩ if the stem is ⟨-u⟩. Unconjugated, the verb acts as a gerund. | ||
Line 696: | Line 606: | ||
Aspect is chiefly lexical in Wistanian, conjugating verbs as either stative, which indicated a state of the subject noun, or durative, which indicates the action of a subject. For example, the verb '''hadu''' means "know" in the stative and "learn" in the durative. The verb '''dula''' means "wear" in the stative and "put on" in the durative. The verb '''vaiza''' means "need" in the stative and "run out of" in the durative. | Aspect is chiefly lexical in Wistanian, conjugating verbs as either stative, which indicated a state of the subject noun, or durative, which indicates the action of a subject. For example, the verb '''hadu''' means "know" in the stative and "learn" in the durative. The verb '''dula''' means "wear" in the stative and "put on" in the durative. The verb '''vaiza''' means "need" in the stative and "run out of" in the durative. | ||
The durative verb can also take on an additional suffix, the | The durative verb can also take on an additional suffix, the perfect ⟨-i⟩, which reacts to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩. | ||
The conjugation paradigm of Wistanian is mostly regular due to pidginization, although some irregularities exist. Typically, the ⟨-a⟩ stem with be replaced with durative ⟨-a⟩, perfect ⟨-ai⟩, and stative ⟨-iya⟩. The ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems will shift in ⟨y⟩ and ⟨w⟩ respective before taking on the aspect markers. However, monosyllabic verbs that begin with a non-fricative consonant undergo epenthesis (the addition of a sound). When with the ⟨-a⟩ stem, it will be replaced with durative ⟨-aha⟩, perfect ⟨-ai⟩, and stative ⟨-ahiya⟩. When with the ⟨-i⟩ stem, it is replaced with durative ⟨-aya⟩, perfect ⟨-ayai⟩, and stative ⟨-iya⟩. When with the ⟨-u⟩ stem, it is replaced with durative ⟨-awa⟩, perfect ⟨-awai⟩, and stative ⟨-awiya⟩. Verbs ending in ⟨-iya⟩ also take on an irregular conjugation in which ⟨-iya⟩ is replaced with durative ⟨-a⟩, perfect ⟨-ai⟩, stative ⟨-iya⟩ rather that just the ⟨-a⟩ stem. | |||
The only single vowel verb is '''u''' (to drink) and is conjugated as durative '''wa''', perfect '''wai''', and stative '''wiya'''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 702: | Line 616: | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Stative | ! style="text-align: center;" | Stative | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | Durative | ! style="text-align: center;" | Durative | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | | ! style="text-align: center;" | Perfect | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align: center;" | dula | ! style="text-align: center;" | dula | ||
Line 745: | Line 659: | ||
Durative verbs specifically describe the process of going from one state to the other, usually opposite, state. For example, '''yiga''' in the durative describe the process from the beginning of a statement to the end of a statement. The word '''ja''', which means "want" in the stative but "falling in love" in the durative, describes the process from a state of apathy to a state of obsession. This is especially notable with '''hadu'''. In the stative, it means "to know", but in the durative, it describes the process from being ignorant to being informed: "learning." | Durative verbs specifically describe the process of going from one state to the other, usually opposite, state. For example, '''yiga''' in the durative describe the process from the beginning of a statement to the end of a statement. The word '''ja''', which means "want" in the stative but "falling in love" in the durative, describes the process from a state of apathy to a state of obsession. This is especially notable with '''hadu'''. In the stative, it means "to know", but in the durative, it describes the process from being ignorant to being informed: "learning." | ||
===== | =====Perfect===== | ||
The | The Perfect Aspect (<code>PRF</code>) is applied to a dynamic verb that views the action as a completed whole, strongly implying the past tense in the realis and future tense in the irrealis. Although the perfect is formed by adding ⟨-i⟩ to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩, it is glossed only as <code>PRF</code> rather than <code>DUR-PRF</code> for the sake of saving space. | ||
'''yigai yau anigalilaun.''' | '''yigai yau anigalilaun.''' | ||
yiga '''-ai''' yau ani -galilaun. | yiga '''-ai''' yau ani -galilaun. | ||
speak'''- | speak'''-PRF''' 1S.NOM language-peace. | ||
"I spoke (in) Wistanian." | "I spoke (in) Wistanian." | ||
As | As perfect, the verb '''yiga''' suggests a specific event that is a completed whole. It is important to understand the difference between the perfect and stative aspects since many stative verbs can be roughly translated as "has been X". Stative verbs are states, while perfect verbs are actions. Stative verbs are also usually still applicable in the moment of utterance while perfect verbs are usually not. | ||
====Mood and Additional Aspects==== | ====Mood and Additional Aspects==== | ||
Line 766: | Line 680: | ||
Irrealis verbs describe an action that has not occurred. This mood is applied to verbs that refer to a future state or action, interrogative and polite imperative sentences, and conditional, obligative, and potential moods. Irrealis verbs are conjugated with the suffix ⟨-j⟩, which follows after the aspect marking. It is not applied to negated verbs. | Irrealis verbs describe an action that has not occurred. This mood is applied to verbs that refer to a future state or action, interrogative and polite imperative sentences, and conditional, obligative, and potential moods. Irrealis verbs are conjugated with the suffix ⟨-j⟩, which follows after the aspect marking. It is not applied to negated verbs. | ||
Whenever the irrealis is used on a verb without an aspect marker, it is assumed to be indicative of a future action (in most cases). | Whenever the irrealis is used on a verb without an aspect marker, it is assumed to be indicative of a future action (in most cases). In the following example, the verb "walk" has not literally happened yet, which is why it is in the irrealis. However, the speaker is sure that the action will occur at some time in the future, which is why it is in the unmarked indicative. | ||
''' | '''nadaij yau miram.''' | ||
nada -ai '''-j''' yau miram. | |||
walk.to- | walk.to-PRF'''-IRR''' 1S.NOM store. | ||
"I will walk to the store." | "I will walk to the store." | ||
Line 787: | Line 701: | ||
"The man usually puts on shirts." | "The man usually puts on shirts." | ||
When applied to a | When applied to a perfect verb, the sentence is translated that the subject has done the action before. | ||
'''gaun dulai daz aa nibaz.''' | '''gaun dulai daz aa nibaz.''' | ||
'''gaun''' dula '''-ai''' daz aa nibaz. | '''gaun''' dula '''-ai''' daz aa nibaz. | ||
'''GNO''' put.on'''- | '''GNO''' put.on'''-PRF''' man ACC shirt. | ||
"The man has put on a shirt before." | "The man has put on a shirt before." | ||
Line 800: | Line 714: | ||
'''a murwij ya, junaij lu ddal dim dau.''' | '''a murwij ya, junaij lu ddal dim dau.''' | ||
'''a''' muru-i '''-j''' yau, juna-i -j lu ddal dim dau. | '''a''' muru-i '''-j''' yau, juna-i -j lu ddal dim dau. | ||
'''COND''' die - | '''COND''' die -PRF '''-IRR''' 1S.NOM, bury-PRF-IRR 2S.NOM LOC hill 1S.ACC. | ||
"If I die, you will bury me on the hill." | "If I die, you will bury me on the hill." | ||
Line 832: | Line 746: | ||
'''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.''' | '''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.''' | ||
'''zaggu''' umaada-i '''-j''' yi luj, a hi -iya-j yaadd ddal. | '''zaggu''' umaada-i '''-j''' yi luj, a hi -iya-j yaadd ddal. | ||
'''HYP''' sink - | '''HYP''' sink -PRF'''-IRR''' 1S.POSS boat, COND exist-STA-IRR hole LOC. | ||
"My boat could sink if there is a hole in it." | "My boat could sink if there is a hole in it." | ||
The potential can also be translated as "would" or "would like to" in contexts without a conditional VP. | |||
zaggu jigani-a -j yau aa liv il zauv. | |||
POT order -DUR-IRR 1S.NOM ACC 2S.ACC INSTR soup. | |||
"I would like to order the soup from you." | |||
(Lit. "I could order you with soup.") | |||
=====Atelic===== | =====Atelic===== | ||
The atelic aspect (<code>ATEL</code>) refers to a verb that does not have an intended endpoint, whether because the action failed or was directionless. The atelic is denoted with the particle '''in''' and can only be applied to durative or | The atelic aspect (<code>ATEL</code>) refers to a verb that does not have an intended endpoint, whether because the action failed or was directionless. The atelic is denoted with the particle '''in''' and can only be applied to durative or perfect verbs. | ||
'''in budai yau miram, auv nu va din.''' | '''in budai yau miram, auv nu va din.''' | ||
'''in''' buda -ai yau miram, auv nu va din. | '''in''' buda -ai yau miram, auv nu va din. | ||
'''ATEL''' walk.to- | '''ATEL''' walk.to-PRF 1S.NOM store, TEMP minute COP three. | ||
"I walked toward the store for three minutes." | "I walked toward the store for three minutes." | ||
Line 847: | Line 768: | ||
====Gerunds==== | ====Gerunds==== | ||
''under construction'' | |||
====Derivational Suffixes==== | ====Derivational Suffixes==== | ||
Line 910: | Line 833: | ||
'''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.''' | '''maniyai ami aa umbu va zi.''' | ||
mayiya-i ami '''aa''' umbu va zi. | mayiya-i ami '''aa''' umbu va zi. | ||
break - | break -PRF friend '''ACC''' bone COP 3S.POSS | ||
"The friend broke their bone." | "The friend broke their bone." | ||
Line 917: | Line 840: | ||
'''vigai dari vai.''' | '''vigai dari vai.''' | ||
viga-i dari '''vai'''. | viga-i dari '''vai'''. | ||
eat - | eat -PRF boy '''3Si.ACC'''. | ||
"The boy ate it." | "The boy ate it." | ||
Line 929: | Line 852: | ||
'''dduwi auzi auzi''' | '''dduwi auzi auzi''' | ||
ddu-(w)i auzi '''auzi'''. | ddu-(w)i auzi '''auzi'''. | ||
hit- | hit-PRF 3Sa.NOM '''3Sa.ACC''' | ||
"He hit himself." | "He hit himself." | ||
'''dduwi auzi aa auzi.''' | '''dduwi auzi aa auzi.''' | ||
ddu-(w)i auzi '''aa auzi'''. | ddu-(w)i auzi '''aa auzi'''. | ||
hit- | hit-PRF 3Sa.NOM '''ACC 3Sa.ACC'''. | ||
"He hit him." | "He hit him." | ||
Line 957: | Line 880: | ||
"I work with a hammer." | "I work with a hammer." | ||
The instrumental particle is also used to mark the theme of | The instrumental particle is also used to mark the theme of the verbs '''dazji''' (to give), '''viru''' (to send), and '''azavi''' (to carry), that is the item that is being given, sent, or carried. The goal is marked as accusative (i.e., what or who the theme is being given, sent, or carried to). Wistanian does not employ a dative marker. | ||
'''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.''' | '''dazjyi yau liv il jauni.''' | ||
dazji-i yau liv '''il''' jauni. | dazji-i yau liv '''il''' jauni. | ||
give- | give-PRF 1S.NOM 2S.ACC '''INSTR''' flower. | ||
"I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.") | "I gave you a flower." (Lit. "I give you with a flower.") | ||
'''azavyi yau aa miram il naulam id.''' | |||
azavi-i yau aa miram '''il''' maulam id. | |||
carry-DUR 1S.NOM ACC store '''INSTR''' melon PROX. | |||
"I am carrying this melon to the store." (Lit. "I carry (to) the store with this melon.") | |||
The instrumental particle is used for emphatic reflexives by complimenting the accusative form of the subject pronoun. | The instrumental particle is used for emphatic reflexives by complimenting the accusative form of the subject pronoun. | ||
Line 977: | Line 905: | ||
'''murwi auzi ggaun liv.''' | '''murwi auzi ggaun liv.''' | ||
muru-i auzi '''ggaun''' liv. | muru-i auzi '''ggaun''' liv. | ||
die - | die -PRF 3S.NOM '''BEN''' 2S.ACC. | ||
"He died for you." / "He died for your benefit." | "He died for you." / "He died for your benefit." | ||
'''murwi auzi diri liv.''' | '''murwi auzi diri liv.''' | ||
muru-i auzi '''diri''' liv. | muru-i auzi '''diri''' liv. | ||
die - | die -PRF 3S.NOM '''CAU''' 2S.ACC. | ||
"He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died." | "He died because of you." / "It was your fault he died." | ||
Line 990: | Line 918: | ||
====Modal Particles==== | ====Modal Particles==== | ||
''See | ''See [[Wistanian#Mood_and_Additional_Aspects|Mood and Additional Aspects]] for now.'' | ||
====Relativizer Particles==== | ====Relativizer Particles==== | ||
Line 1,056: | Line 984: | ||
'''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | '''dajyi ya dari ya lari.''' | ||
daji-i '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari. | daji-i '''ya''' dari '''ya''' lari. | ||
hide- | hide-PRF '''CO''' boy '''CO''' girl. | ||
"The boy and the girl hid." | "The boy and the girl hid." | ||
Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil''' (from the word '''viluba''': "to touch"). | Weak coordination (<code>WCO</code>) refers to a co-actor in the sentence while keeping the focus on a specific item of the list, which is usually featured at the beginning of the list and without a particle. It is denoted with the word '''vil''' (from the word '''viluba''': "to touch"). | ||
'''dajyi dari | '''dajyi dari vil lari.''' | ||
daji-i dari '''vil''' lari. | daji-i dari '''vil''' lari. | ||
hide- | hide-PRF boy '''WCO''' girl. | ||
"The boy hid with the girl." | "The boy hid with the girl." | ||
Line 1,116: | Line 1,044: | ||
==Semantics== | ==Semantics== | ||
The [[Wistanian/Lexicon|Wistanian Lexicon]] currently stands at 600 words as of October 2018 | The [[Wistanian/Lexicon|Wistanian Lexicon]] currently stands at 600 words as of October 2018. | ||
[[File:WistanianFamily.png|thumb|right|A typical Wistanian family]] | [[File:WistanianFamily.png|thumb|right|A typical Wistanian family from the Taliv group]] | ||
===Kinship=== | ===Kinship=== | ||
Wistanian kinship is a modified version of the [[w: Hawaiian_kinship|Hawaiian system]] common in most Malayo-Polynesian languages. In this system, siblings and first cousins share terms with only a gender and age distinction. Mothers are usually given a term of endearment by their children (usually '''mu'''), but a child's aunts will also be called "mother" and the father and uncles will share terms as well. Most of Wistanian culture is [[w: Ambilineality|ambilineal]] and [[w: Matrifocal_family|matrifocal]], so that children live and associate closest to their mother and her side of the family. For this reason, a child's mother's brother will often be just as much of a father figure as the child's biological father, who may or may not be involved in the family. | Wistanian kinship is a modified version of the [[w: Hawaiian_kinship|Hawaiian system]] common in most Malayo-Polynesian languages. In this system, siblings and first cousins share terms with only a gender and age distinction. Mothers are usually given a term of endearment by their children (usually '''mu'''), but a child's aunts will also be called "mother" and the father and uncles will share terms as well. Most of Wistanian culture is [[w: Ambilineality|ambilineal]] and [[w: Matrifocal_family|matrifocal]], so that children live and associate closest to their mother and her side of the family. For this reason, a child's mother's brother will often be just as much of a father figure as the child's biological father, who may or may not be involved in the family. Some parts of Wistania has abandoned the concept of marriage, and rather focus on cohabitation and parenthood. The terms for "husband" and "wife" are semantically light and can refer to a close friendship or a sexual partner. Literally, they mean "my man" and "my woman". | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 1,176: | Line 1,104: | ||
|} | |} | ||
The Bwolotil people are more [[w: Nuclear_family|nuclear]], consisting of only a mother, father, and one or two children. They have their own kinship terms from their language. Some Katapu people share the typical family structure and kinship terms. However, most family structures are [[W: Extended_family|extended]] so that families live amongst the mother's extended family, and fathers are usually present in the home. Most of their kinship terms also come from the Katapu language, but some Wistanian terms are borrowed as well. | The Bwolotil people are more [[w: Nuclear_family|nuclear]], consisting of only a mother, father, and one or two children. They have their own kinship terms from their language. Some Katapu people share the typical family structure and kinship terms. However, most family structures in that people group are [[W: Extended_family|extended]] so that families live amongst the mother's extended family, and fathers are usually present in the home. Most of their kinship terms also come from the Katapu language, but some Wistanian terms are borrowed as well. | ||
===Colors=== | ===Colors=== | ||
Line 1,210: | Line 1,138: | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#333333; color:#ffffff;" | auzna | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#333333; color:#ffffff;" | auzna | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#cb0000; color:#ffffff;" | iraa | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#cb0000; color:#ffffff;" | iraa | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#993300; color:#ffffff;" | zuvil<br> jaaru | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#993300; color:#ffffff;" | zuvil<br /> jaaru | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#990000; color:#ffffff;" | bayaari | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#990000; color:#ffffff;" | bayaari | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#999900; color:#ffffff;" | zuwi | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#999900; color:#ffffff;" | zuwi | ||
Line 1,220: | Line 1,148: | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#990066; color:#ffffff;" | aana | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#990066; color:#ffffff;" | aana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#9b9b9b;" | au<br> garaji | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#9b9b9b;" | au<br /> garaji | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#fe0000;" | raul<br> nidda <br> hagg | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#fe0000;" | raul<br /> nidda <br /> hagg | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff6600;" | aurin | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff6600;" | aurin | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff9900;" | auwu | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff9900;" | auwu | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffff00;" | luz<br> aubra | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ffff00;" | luz<br /> aubra | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ccff00;" | luamiz | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ccff00;" | luamiz | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#33ff33;" | jan<br> bazu | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#33ff33;" | jan<br /> bazu | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#00ffcc;" | ddi | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#00ffcc;" | ddi | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#0033ff;" | zaz<br> iyad | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#0033ff;" | zaz<br /> iyad | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#9900ff;" | ivau | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#9900ff;" | ivau | ||
| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff0099;" | liwa | | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic; background-color:#ff0099;" | liwa | ||
Line 1,585: | Line 1,513: | ||
===Vulgarity and Taboos=== | ===Vulgarity and Taboos=== | ||
Every culture possesses a strong taboo against slurs, which is partly due to the rocky history of racism during the post-war era of the country. Some slurs include '''baubau''', a diminutive of the word Bwolotil, often used to describe things that are dark and ugly. Holding the '''u''' sound can also get a young Wistanian in trouble for its history as a chant against the Uzin. Terms referring to religion are also taboo when used out of context, especially in the Katapu tribes; for example, calling something '''ggauduvahi''' ("great" or "grand") is considered offensive since that term should only be applied to a place of worship. Terms referring to sex or bodily functions are only taboo in the Katapu and, to a smaller extent, the Bwolotil and Uzin cultures while the Taliv and Nati are | Every culture possesses a strong taboo against slurs, which is partly due to the rocky history of racism during the post-war era of the country. Some slurs include '''baubau''', a diminutive of the word Bwolotil, often used to describe things that are dark and ugly. Holding the '''u''' sound can also get a young Wistanian in trouble for its history as a chant against the Uzin. Terms referring to religion are also taboo when used out of context, especially in the Katapu tribes; for example, calling something '''ggauduvahi''' ("great" or "grand") is considered offensive since that term should only be applied to a place of worship. Terms referring to sex or bodily functions are only taboo in the Katapu and, to a smaller extent, the Bwolotil and Uzin cultures while the Taliv and Nati are rather comfortable with those topics. | ||
It is considered vulgar over the entire nation to use the name of a family member in vain, especially if that family member is deceased. | It is considered vulgar over the entire nation to use the name of a family member in vain, especially if that family member is deceased. |
edits