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Scellan/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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*''sder'' = negative interrogative | *''sder'' = negative interrogative | ||
:'''''Sder bo croð | :'''''Sder bo croð niañt dyb çuþ?''''' | ||
:NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal | :NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal | ||
:''Are humans, too, not animals?'' | :''Are humans, too, not animals?'' | ||
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#''Y (COP) DET X'' - This is used to assert that nouns X and Y refer the same thing. | #''Y (COP) DET X'' - This is used to assert that nouns X and Y refer the same thing. | ||
#:''''' | #:'''''ñen a fawl ry ñiþúin awr dy.''''' | ||
#:DEM.DIST DET.SG year REL enter-PRET 3PL in | #:DEM.DIST DET.SG year REL enter-PRET 3PL in | ||
#:That was the year in which they entered. | #:That was the year in which they entered. | ||
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Example: | Example: | ||
Sder bo croð | Sder bo croð niañt dyb çuþ? | ||
NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal | NEG.INTERR COL human also in-COL animal | ||
Are humans, too, not animals? | Are humans, too, not animals? | ||
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When fronting of a noun occurs, the remaining verb phrase becomes a noun phrase, thus a determiner must be used. | When fronting of a noun occurs, the remaining verb phrase becomes a noun phrase, thus a determiner must be used. | ||
:''Twm ziráð | :''Twm ziráð syrñ bo [toxrorégin] '''a''' go þarcǿma að smøøh bo sbenopats.'' | ||
:NEG only new COL evolve-PASS.PART DET PST.IPFV inhabit SG world COL dinosaur | :NEG only new COL evolve-PASS.PART DET PST.IPFV inhabit SG world COL dinosaur | ||
:The world of the dinosaurs was not solely occupied by the newly-evolved. | :The world of the dinosaurs was not solely occupied by the newly-evolved. | ||
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In some tenses (progressive, perfect) the particle ''fa'' can be used after the ''a'' when fronting. | In some tenses (progressive, perfect) the particle ''fa'' can be used after the ''a'' when fronting. | ||
:''Dy iant a | :''Dy iant a duvwñ.'' | ||
:The teacher is sleeping. | :The teacher is sleeping. | ||
:'' | :''Duvwñ a (fa) dy iant.'' | ||
:It's the teacher who is sleeping. | :It's the teacher who is sleeping. | ||
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==Clause types== | ==Clause types== | ||
===Time clauses=== | ===Time clauses=== | ||
Deranked time clauses can be formed by using a preposition, most commonly ''dy'' 'when', '' | Deranked time clauses can be formed by using a preposition, most commonly ''dy'' 'when', ''ñal'' 'before', and 'tyn' 'after'. The subject of the time clause is marked with the genitive ''ry''. | ||
Ex. | Ex. | ||
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*in formal writing, the head may be repeated instead of using a resumptive pronoun to eliminate ambiguity (cf. mathematical writing) | *in formal writing, the head may be repeated instead of using a resumptive pronoun to eliminate ambiguity (cf. mathematical writing) | ||
*for relativizing sentences or statements, ''taw'' 'what' is used | *for relativizing sentences or statements, ''taw'' 'what' is used | ||
:'''''... taw | :'''''... taw þwmoñéed emb vyðár tyþ.''''' | ||
:what confirm COMP equal two | :what confirm COMP equal two | ||
:''...which confirms that the two are equal.'' | :''...which confirms that the two are equal.'' | ||
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===Conditional clauses=== | ===Conditional clauses=== | ||
Generally true statement: | Generally true statement: | ||
:'''''I tøøh a | :'''''I tøøh a ñwi, (coþ) gias a cnoo.''''' [also found in high register: ''Tøøhor a barah, ...''] | ||
:''If it rains, (then) the grass is wet.'' | :''If it rains, (then) the grass is wet.'' | ||
Conditional on a possible future event: | Conditional on a possible future event: | ||
:'''''I tøøht a | :'''''I tøøht a ñwi, faht gias a cnoo.''''' | ||
:''If it rains [lit. if it will rain] the grass will be wet.'' | :''If it rains [lit. if it will rain] the grass will be wet.'' | ||
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==Modal expressions== | ==Modal expressions== | ||
*'' | *''ñiwð naw'' = I want to | ||
*''Beð ryn a...'' = I have to (lit. it is my part to) | *''Beð ryn a...'' = I have to (lit. it is my part to) | ||
**Colloquially: ''beðyn, beðes, beðeb, beðee, | **Colloquially: ''beðyn, beðes, beðeb, beðee, beðyñ, beðiav, beðeg, beðed, beðer, beðy çar'' | ||
*''Cwllyn a...'' = I can (< it is open for me to) | *''Cwllyn a...'' = I can (< it is open for me to) | ||
**Conjugation: ''cwllyn, cwlles, cwlleb, cwllee, | **Conjugation: ''cwllyn, cwlles, cwlleb, cwllee, cwllyñ, cwlliav, cwlleg, cwlled, cwller, cwlly çar'' | ||
*''Orr llyn a...'' = I should... | *''Orr llyn a...'' = I should... | ||
*''Dewm ryn a...'' = I may... (lit. it is my right to) | *''Dewm ryn a...'' = I may... (lit. it is my right to) | ||
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==Topicalization== | ==Topicalization== | ||
Eevo can topicalize constituents by fronting them in front of the focused constituent. However, the topicalized phrase must be set off by a strong comma in the native script. | Eevo can topicalize constituents by fronting them in front of the focused constituent. However, the topicalized phrase must be set off by a strong comma in the native script. | ||
:'''''Dyð otsón, botín aversfits teþ | :'''''Dyð otsón, botín aversfits teþ zydóñ maw hugmasgen.''''' | ||
:in-DET.SG plane, always intersect two line not parallel | :in-DET.SG plane, always intersect two line not parallel | ||
:''In a plane, two nonparallel lines always intersect.'' | :''In a plane, two nonparallel lines always intersect.'' | ||
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In an infinitive absolute construction, the verb is repeated once before being "conjugated" for TAM. This is found in literary usage. | In an infinitive absolute construction, the verb is repeated once before being "conjugated" for TAM. This is found in literary usage. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Fyñg lly fyñg ab rree ciab.''''' | ||
:die FUT.PERF die 3SG.M day one | :die FUT.PERF die 3SG.M day one | ||
:''Die he will one day.'' [lit. a dying he is to die] | :''Die he will one day.'' [lit. a dying he is to die] | ||