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''My goals are 1) anti-abstraction, 2) marking marriage, 3) lots of Hebrew, 4) close to English, 5) Welsh influence'' | ''My goals are 1) anti-abstraction, 2) marking marriage, 3) lots of Hebrew, 4) close to English, 5) Welsh influence'' | ||
== | == History == | ||
{{Main|Weddish/History}} | |||
=== Early Antiquity === | === Early Antiquity === | ||
Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian. While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisia – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry. While the differences are small, the evidence is clear. Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts. The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics. | Weddish was born under a different name: Frisian. While there are individual words that cannot be explained under this rubric, the overwhelming majority of Weddish vocabulary is clearly of Frisia – not Anglo-Saxon – ancestry. While the differences are small, the evidence is clear. Unlike the Frisians of the continent, however, and unlike the conquering Anglo-Saxons, the ancestors of the Wedds were heavily influenced by the nearby Celts. The Old Welsh language rubbed off on Old Weddish, winnowing many consonant clusters, producing significant vowel changes, and greatly altering the phonology and phonotactics. | ||
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== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
{{Main|Weddish/Phonology}} | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left;" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; float:left;" | ||
|+ '''Consonants of Weddish''' | |+ '''Consonants of Weddish''' | ||
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==== Initials ==== | ==== Initials ==== | ||
; With S : ,סק, סמ, סנ and סל. Older versions of the language forbid '''st-''', but it is now permissible. The same could be said of ספּר, סטר, סקר, ספּל, and סקל. | ; With S : ,סק, סמ, סנ and סל. Older versions of the language forbid '''st-''', but it is now permissible. The same could be said of ספּר, סטר, סקר, ספּל, and סקל. | ||
; With C : חל, חר, and חו. New words no longer | ; With C : חל, חר, and חו. New words no longer force '''sl-''' to change to '''cl-'''. | ||
; With Þ/X : In a few Semitic words, תנ and צנ begin the syllable. | ; With Þ/X : In a few Semitic words, תנ and צנ begin the syllable, e.g. {{C|צנוע}} (modest), or {{C|תנוך}} (earlobe). | ||
The bulk of onset consonant clusters are subject to mutation. There are many doubles on this table, but it is important to note the lexical form of a word, | The bulk of onset consonant clusters are subject to mutation. There are many doubles on this table, but it is important to note the lexical form of a word, | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| w | | w | ||
! tw- !! dw- !! | ! tw- !! dw- !! nhw- !! bw- | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" | q || r | | rowspan="3" | q || r | ||
! qr- !! gr- !! ŋhr- !! cr- | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
! ql- !! ql- !! ŋhl- !! cl- | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
! qw- !! gw- !! ŋhw- !! cw- | |||
|- | |||
| b || l | |||
! bl- !! vl- !! ml- !! | |||
|- | |||
| d || r | |||
! dr- !! ðr- !! nr- !! | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="3" | g || r | |||
! gr- !! jr- !! ŋr- !! | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
! gl- !! jl- !! ŋl- !! | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
! gw- !! jw- !! ŋw- !! | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== Morphophonology === | === Morphophonology === | ||
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{{Template:Improvesection}} | {{Template:Improvesection}} | ||
{{Classmeter/2 | {{Classmeter/2 | ||
|Name=Weddish | |Name=Weddish | ||
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}} | }} | ||
== Pronouns == | |||
{{Main|Weddish/Pronouns}} | |||
Weddish pronouns are split in two groups. The 1st and 2nd person are nominative-accusative. The third person pronouns are ergative-absolutive. | Weddish pronouns are split in two groups. The 1st and 2nd person are nominative-accusative. The third person pronouns are ergative-absolutive. | ||
=== 1st and 2nd === | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} | {| {{Table/bluetable}} | ||
! Person !! Number !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Suffixing !! Dative !! Genitive | ! Person !! Number !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Suffixing !! Dative !! Genitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== 3rd === | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} | {| {{Table/bluetable}} | ||
! Gender !! Number !! Absolutive !! Ergative !! Suffixing !! Dative !! Genitive | ! Gender !! Number !! Absolutive !! Ergative !! Suffixing !! Dative !! Genitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=== Wh-words === | |||
; what : {{C2|והט|וְהַט}} | ; what : {{C2|והט|וְהַט}} | ||
; who : Absolutive - {{C2|והא|וְהַא}} ; Ergative - {{C2|והק|וְהַק}} ; Genitive - {{C2|והמס|וְהַמֵס}} ; Dative - {{C2|והם|וְהַם}} | ; who : Absolutive - {{C2|והא|וְהַא}} ; Ergative - {{C2|והק|וְהַק}} ; Genitive - {{C2|והמס|וְהַמֵס}} ; Dative - {{C2|והם|וְהַם}} | ||
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== | == Nominals == | ||
{{Main|Weddish/Nominals}} | |||
It is important to be aware of case, number, and gender (animacy) when dealing with Weddish nouns. | It is important to be aware of case, number, and gender (animacy) when dealing with Weddish nouns. | ||
=== Animacy === | |||
Vowel vs consonant ending ... sometimes | Vowel vs consonant ending ... sometimes | ||
=== Number === | |||
Singular vs. Plural, but also antinomic vs. dual | Singular vs. Plural, but also antinomic vs. dual | ||
=== Genitive === | |||
Animate vs {{C2|דּ־|דְּ־}} | Animate vs {{C2|דּ־|דְּ־}} | ||
=== Dative === | |||
Prepositions {{C2|טו|טֹו}} | Prepositions {{C2|טו|טֹו}} | ||
=== Ergative === | |||
{{C|־ק}} | {{C|־ק}} | ||
== Determiners == | |||
{{Main|Weddish/Determiners}} | |||
Every noun that isn't proper must be covered by a determiner. | Every noun that isn't proper must be covered by a determiner. | ||
=== Articles === | |||
The two articles of Weddish are definite and specific. | The two articles of Weddish are definite and specific. | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; text-align:center" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="float:left; text-align:center" | ||
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<br clear="both" /> | <br clear="both" /> | ||
=== Anarthrous === | |||
Anarthrous clauses might un-adorned vocative phrase, or non-specific and indefinite. That is, they typically refer to an entity not immediately discernible from discourse and not any particular entity. | Anarthrous clauses might un-adorned vocative phrase, or non-specific and indefinite. That is, they typically refer to an entity not immediately discernible from discourse and not any particular entity. | ||
=== Quantifiers === | |||
Most of the remaining determiner not mentioned heretofore, are quantifiers, determiners that describe the quantity of an item. Weddish very particular with its quantifiers, distinguishing very particularly between determiners and adjectives based on position. Linguists note that these differences are off a very unique kind, what they call 'evidentials'. Quantifiers used as determiners betray a kind of "God's eye point of view" or "omniscient evidentiality" which is not present when used as an adjective. | Most of the remaining determiner not mentioned heretofore, are quantifiers, determiners that describe the quantity of an item. Weddish very particular with its quantifiers, distinguishing very particularly between determiners and adjectives based on position. Linguists note that these differences are off a very unique kind, what they call 'evidentials'. Quantifiers used as determiners betray a kind of "God's eye point of view" or "omniscient evidentiality" which is not present when used as an adjective. | ||
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* the men all (of them) | * the men all (of them) | ||
While these phrases are synonymous in English, in Weddish they indicate a difference in level of confidence in the information presented: ''all men'' is a phrase used when God himself would make, whereas ''the men, all of them'' is completely human and normal, allowing for natural exceptions and exceptions. | While these phrases are synonymous in English, in Weddish they indicate a difference in level of confidence in the information presented: ''all men'' is a phrase used when God himself would make, whereas ''the men, all of them'' is completely human and normal, allowing for natural exceptions and exceptions. | ||
=== Others === | |||
Distributives, numerals, and possessives make up the remaining determiners (Interrogatives make-up an overlapping category). | Distributives, numerals, and possessives make up the remaining determiners (Interrogatives make-up an overlapping category). | ||
== Clauses == | == Clauses == | ||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
{{Main|Weddish/Verbs}} | |||
Weddish textbooks call their verb conjugations, ''present'', ''past'', and ''future'', and then list all the ways they aren't. It seems better to call then what they are: aspects and moods. The Continuous, the Perfective, and the Subjunctive are available in most verbs. What makes it more confusing is that two verbs -- to be and to have -- do indeed conjugate for tense, and are used extensively at the start of discourses, and at jumps in the relative time. | |||
=== Adnominals === | === Adnominals === | ||
Adjectives is an open class in Weddish. They follow the noun and need not agree in any way, though they often do so in a way that keeps the trochaic meter going (see Prosody). Prepositional phrases and relative clauses follow adjectives. Verbs conjugated as participles are adjectives, taking the head noun as their absolutive argument. Other uses of verbs require relative clauses. | |||
Nouns can be made adnominal, either by being put into the genitive or by certain suffixes. For example {{C|־סק}} '''-(i)sq''' attaches to nouns or adjectives and makes them into adjectives mean "of or pertaining to x" (cp. English -ish). | |||
=== Adverbials === | === Adverbials === | ||
Like in English, nouns of time can be used as adverbs with zero-derivation. The suffix {{C|־לך}} '''-lik'' (cp. English -ly) is the most common adverb-maker. | |||
== Numerals == | == Numerals == | ||
{{Main|Weddish/Numerals}} | |||
Weddish numbers are a true anomaly. The technical description is that they are "sexagesimal, with a duodecimal sub-base". That means, they start off counting by twelves, and then group those into sixties. | |||
== Lexicography == | == Lexicography == | ||
{{Main|Weddish/Lexicography}} | {{Main|Weddish/Lexicography}} | ||
{{See|the complete Swadesh list with relative language comparisons,|Weddish/Swadesh}} | |||
Weddish words are well-defined by historical epochs. From their inception to 1066, the Wedds were warriors, and then farmers. Agrarian words and grammatical words are of Germanic origin, and most illustrate that Weddish came from Old Frisian, though a few look more like Old English. Also, some Welsh words entered in this time, including some Latin words which where already in Old Welsh. | Weddish words are well-defined by historical epochs. From their inception to 1066, the Wedds were warriors, and then farmers. Agrarian words and grammatical words are of Germanic origin, and most illustrate that Weddish came from Old Frisian, though a few look more like Old English. Also, some Welsh words entered in this time, including some Latin words which where already in Old Welsh. | ||
Next, Biblical and religious words came from Hebrew and related languages. These were the words of the ruling class, the educated, and the elite. The end of Jewish dominance may have come in 1290, but new words were still being coined from Hebrew for some time afterwards. Eventually, Welsh served as the conduit for outside influence until the 16th century, at which point English began to enter the scene. | Next, Biblical and religious words came from Hebrew and related languages. These were the words of the ruling class, the educated, and the elite. The end of Jewish dominance may have come in 1290, but new words were still being coined from Hebrew for some time afterwards. Eventually, Welsh served as the conduit for outside influence until the 16th century, at which point English began to enter the scene. | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] |
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