Wistanian: Difference between revisions

Wistanian (view source)

Revision as of 22:03, 27 December 2018

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→‎Pronouns: reVAMPED

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 ====Pronouns====
-Pronouns come in five persons: first, second, third animate, third inanimate, and third person spiritual.
+''needs expansion''
-* '''1st person''' singular (<code>1S</code>) pronouns are used to refer to the speaker. First person plural (<code>1P</code>) is used to refer to the speaker and an indeterminate number of others.
+{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
-* '''2nd person''' singular (<code>2S</code>) pronouns are used to refer to the listener/reader. 2nd person plural (<code>2P</code>) is used to refer to two or more listeners/readers.
-* '''3rd person animate''' pronouns are used to refer to people and some animals, especially pets and birds. They come as both singular (<code>3Sa</code>) and plural (<code>3Pa</code>).
-* '''3rd person inanimate''' pronouns are used to refer to wild animals, objects, events, noun clauses, and even entire sentences. They come as both singular (<code>3Si</code>) and plural (<code>3Pi</code>).
-* '''3rd person spiritual''' pronouns are used to refer to spirits, sacred objects and places, and the dead. They come as both singular (<code>3Ss</code>) and plural (<code>3Ps</code>).
-These five persons are split into three grammatical categories:
-* '''Nominative''' (<code>NOM</code>) Used as the subject of the sentence.
-* '''Accusative''' (<code>ACC</code>) Used as the object of the sentence.
-* '''Possessive''' (<code>POSS</code>) Used for possession. Often omitted if context is clear.
-{| class="wikitable"
 ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
-! style="text-align: center;" | Possessive
+! style="text-align: center;" | POSS
-! style="text-align: center;" | Nominative
+! style="text-align: center;" | NOM
-! style="text-align: center;" | Accusative
+! style="text-align: center;" | ACC
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 1st Person
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 1
 ! style="text-align: center;" | SG
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | yi
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | yau
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | dau
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | da
 |-
-! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+! style="text-align: center;" | PAU
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | yin
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | yaun
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | daun
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | dan
+|-
+! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | umai
+| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | uma
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 2nd Person
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 2
 ! style="text-align: center;" | SG
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | luhi
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | lu
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | liv
+|-
+! style="text-align: center;" | PAU
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | luhin
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | lun
+| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | livan
 |-
 ! style="text-align: center;" | PL
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | luhin
+| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | madzi
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | liv
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | livan
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 3rd Person Animate
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 3a
 ! style="text-align: center;" | SG
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | zi
 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | auzi
 |-
-! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+! style="text-align: center;" | PAU
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | zin
 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | auzin
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 3rd Person Inanimate
+! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | madzi
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 3i
 ! style="text-align: center;" | SG
 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | vi
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | vai
 |-
-! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+! style="text-align: center;" | PAU
 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | vin
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | vain
 |-
-! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | 3rd Person Spiritual
+! style="text-align: center;" | PL
+| colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | madzi
+|-
+! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | 3s
 ! style="text-align: center;" | SG
 | style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | ji
 | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | ja
+|-
+! style="text-align: center;" | PAU
+| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | jin
+| rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | jan
 |-
 ! style="text-align: center;" | PL
-| style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | jin
-| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-style:italic;" | jan
 |}
+Pronouns come in five persons: first, second, third animate, third inanimate, and third person spiritual.
+** '''1st person''' singular (<code>1S</code>) pronouns are used to refer to the speaker. First person paucal (<code>1PAU</code>) is used to refer to the speaker and at most four others. First person plural (<code>1P</code>) is used for the speaker and more than five others.
+** '''2nd person''' singular (<code>2S</code>) pronouns are used to refer to the listener/reader. Second person paucal (<code>2PAU</code>) is used to refer to two to five listeners/readers. Second person plural (<code>2P</code>) is used to refer to six or more listeners/readers.
+** '''3rd person animate''' pronouns are used to refer to people and some animals, especially pets and birds. They come as singular (<code>3Sa</code>), paucal (<code>3PAUa</code>), and plural (<code>3Pa</code>).
+** '''3rd person inanimate''' pronouns are used to refer to wild animals, objects, events, noun clauses, and even entire sentences. They come as singular (<code>3Si</code>), paucal (<code>3PAUi</code>) and plural (<code>3Pi</code>).
+** '''3rd person spiritual''' pronouns are used to refer to spirits, sacred objects and places, and the dead. They come as singular (<code>3Ss</code>) and the paucal and plural merge (often glossed as <code>3Ps</code>).
+These five persons are split into three grammatical categories:
+** '''Nominative''' (<code>NOM</code>) Used as the subject of the sentence.
+** '''Accusative''' (<code>ACC</code>) Used as the object of the sentence, or after an instrumental, benefactive, or causal marker.
+** '''Possessive''' (<code>POSS</code>) Used for possession.
+Some important notes:
+The word '''madzi''', which means "many things or people" is the plural pronoun for all second, third animate, and third inanimate pronouns. Some dialects, particulary the Western Dialect, do not use '''madzi''' and instead merge all the plural and paucal pronouns except for the first person.
+The first person singular possessive pronoun (<code>1S.POSS</code>), '''yi''', is almost always omitted for inalienable possession. In other words, it is dropped whenever referring to one's own relatives, body parts, or aspects of one's identity or personality.
+  '''zagarya man diri mal.'''
+  zagari-a   man  diri mal.
+  bleed -DUR hand CAU  fight.
+  "(My) hand is bleeding because of the fight."
+Wistanian lacks reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, leaving a peculiar ambiguity that is not present in most natural languages. For the reflexive, they are identical in pronunciation and form to the non-reflexive, but often distinguished through tone, context, and body language.
+  '''ddwai alaija auzi.'''
+  ddu-ai  alaija auzi.
+  hit-PFV NAME   3Sa.ACC.
+  (a) "Alaija hit him.
+  (b) "Alaija hit himself.
+Reciprocal constructions involve a plural subject, a plural object, and a verb reduplicated with the coordinating particle '''ya'''.
+  '''ya ddwai ya ddwai lun livan.'''
+  ya  ddu-ai  ya  ddu-ai  lun      livan
+  and hit-PFV and hit-PFV 2PAU.NOM 2PAU.ACC.
+  "You hit each other."
 ====Compounding====