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Suwáá/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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This article covers High | This article covers High Sowaázh morphology. | ||
There are five main parts of speech in | There are five main parts of speech in Sowaázh: | ||
*nouns | *nouns | ||
*determiners | *determiners | ||
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==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
High | High Sowaázh has singular, dual and plural numbers. Outside of High and Classical Sowaázh, the dual is only found in some isolated dialects. | ||
Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | Grammatical number is not marked on nouns, rather verbs index the number of their argument nouns. | ||
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===Relational nouns=== | ===Relational nouns=== | ||
Sowaázh uses relational nouns instead of adpositions. | |||
*''od'' 'in, at' | *''od'' 'in, at' | ||
**khod, mod, wod, yod, gyood, jod, booñd, jhod, olod, dod | **khod, mod, wod, yod, gyood, jod, booñd, jhod, olod, dod | ||
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===TAM inflection=== | ===TAM inflection=== | ||
:''For a complete list of High | :''For a complete list of High Sowaázh verbal ablaut paradigms, see [[Sowaázh/Ablaut classes]].'' | ||
A characteristic feature of | A characteristic feature of Sowaázh verbs is stem ablaut in various TAM and voice forms. These paradigms tend to be quite complex. Most Sowaázh lects have a fixed (large) number of regular ablaut classes. The number of ablaut paradigms, and which verb stems fall into which ablaut classes, depends on the lect. High Sowaázh has 57 classes. | ||
*Tenses: present, past | *Tenses: present, past | ||
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===Voice=== | ===Voice=== | ||
As | As Sowaázh morphosyntactic alignment is hierarchical alignment, verbs do not have a canonical voice. Instead there are detransitivizers and transitivizers. | ||
Here are the morphological voices: | Here are the morphological voices: | ||
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
===Discourse affixes=== | ===Discourse affixes=== | ||
Sowaázh lects use discourse verbal affixes to reflect the speaker's attitude, degree of surprise, or other things; not using them may come across as clinical, stilted, or overly posh. High Sowaázh normally uses discourse affixes less often than do other Sowaázh lects, and uses "degree of surprise" affixes more frequently than attitudinal affixes. On average, female High Sowaázh speakers use attitudinal affixes more frequently than male speakers. | |||
Poetic High | Poetic High Sowaázh may use archaic discourse affixes used in Classical Sowaázh. | ||
===Incorporation=== | ===Incorporation=== | ||
Incorporation is no longer productive in High | Incorporation is no longer productive in High Sowaázh and is considered a poetic device. | ||
==Numerals== | ==Numerals== | ||