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Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions
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→Posession
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===''Posession''=== | ===''Posession''=== | ||
The category of possession is build up the same way as the personal suffixes for verbs. So, the category features three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three persons: speaker, person addressed and a third person. The third person itself divides itself into the main categories animated and inanimated, dividing the first category into three other subcategories, masculine, feminine and a neutral person. This neutral person is either used to indicate a person of unknown gender / sex or is used to refer to person who do not identify themselves as masculine or feminine. From a etymological perspective this suffix arose from a mixture of the masculine /-m/ and feminine suffix /-f/ giving a preform *-mf which later developped into *-mp and finally losing the nasal part giving ''-p'' as a fully productive personal suffix which can be combined with various other persons. | The category of possession is build up the same way as the personal suffixes for verbs. So, the category features three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three persons: speaker, person addressed and a third person. The third person itself divides itself into the main categories animated and inanimated, dividing the first category into three other subcategories, masculine, feminine and a neutral person. This neutral person is either used to indicate a person of unknown gender / sex or is used to refer to person who do not identify themselves as masculine or feminine. From a etymological perspective this suffix arose from a mixture of the masculine /-m/ and feminine suffix /-f/ giving a preform *-mf which later developped into *-mp and finally losing the nasal part giving ''-p'' as a fully productive personal suffix which can be combined with various other persons. | ||
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A general formular for composing the suffixes cannot be given, hower there some tendency visible: | |||
1. The speaker / person addressed appears first and gives the first element of complex suffixes. | |||
2. The plural / dual suffix is the last to be attached. | |||
3. The plural suffix is voiced when possible | |||
4. The dual suffix is never voiced. | |||
5. Additional persons are placed in between. | |||
6. An exception to this rule are the first person plural + 1 suffixes which indicate a group of people (we)with another single person. Here the extra person is mentioned first hand and the 'group'-suffix is rendered afterwards. This difference in ordering is due to phonotactic rules that prohibit the following of a sibilant by another sibilant, nasal or plosive sound. | |||
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||-b- | ||-b- | ||
||-dd- / -d- | ||-dd- / -d- | ||
|colspan ="4" | - | |colspan ="4" | -z- / -ž- (-bž-) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan = "2" colspan ="2" | inclusive | !rowspan = "2" colspan ="2" | inclusive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
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The difference between standard and colloquial language is mainly a difference in the plural suffix (standard: -s- / -z- (rarely -ž-), colloquial: -š- / -ž- (in general after /b/, which falls out)). First persona general forms are even more reduced, very often to just one letter: -b- (singular), -d- (dual), -z- / -ž- (plural). A more formal colloquial language retains the geminated -dd- (dual) and the plural suffix -bž-. The overall number of categories is the same, independently of standard or colloquial language. This indicates that these categories are well established and vastly accepted by the speakers. | |||
===''Modal particles''=== | ===''Modal particles''=== | ||