527
edits
Volapűük nulíik: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
→Morphology
(→Slot X) |
|||
| Line 481: | Line 481: | ||
"We are twenty men." | "We are twenty men." | ||
'''Adverbs''' | |||
This category does not appear as a category of itself but appears in different forms: | |||
1. suffixes | |||
2. incorporated roots | |||
3. nouns in essive case | |||
4. nouns in a noun phrase starting with "mod". | |||
''Suffixes'' | |||
This type of adverbs encompasses adverbs of time, place and degree. They are suffixed to verbal structures and nouns and thus cannot appear on their own. If one wants to emphasise these adverbal meanings, they have to use a similar meaning noun, add suffixes and place it before the verb, for example: | |||
"Deedȁpšimokdȁäl." [no emphasis] | |||
DEED-ȁ-pš-i-m-ok-dȁäl. | |||
KILL-past-3.pl.anim.neutr.-acc.-3.sg.anim.mask.-here-yesterday | |||
They killed him here yesterday. | |||
"Topakó deedȁpšimdȁäl." [place emphasised] | |||
TOP-ak-ó | DEED-ȁ-pš-i-m-dȁäl | |||
PLACE-this-loc. | KIIL-past-3.pl.anim.neutr.-acc.-3.sg.anim.mask.-yesterday | |||
Dȁälú topakó deeddȁpšim. [place and time emphasised, place a bit more important than time] | |||
DÄÄL-ú. | TOP-ak-ó | DEEL-ȁ-pš-i-m | |||
YESTERDAY-ess. | PLACE-this-loc. | KILL-past-3.pl.anim.neutr.-acc.-3.sg.anim.mask. | |||
The word right before the verb structure receives the most emphasis and the farer away a word stands, it is less emphasised. This implies that normally only about three or four words are put separately before a verbal structure. | |||
''Incorporated roots'' | |||
This adverbal structure is reserved for verb-nouns ending in -íik or -líik. The verb-noun appears in a lenited form, example: | |||
Penžönlikfáminemnù penöní. | |||
PEN-ŠÖNLIK-f-á-m-i-n-e-m-nù |PENÖN-í | |||
WRITE-BEAUTIFUL-bitr.-pres.-3.sg.anim.masc.-acc.-3.sg.inam.-dat.-3.sg.anim.masc.-now |LETTER-acc. | |||
"He writes beautifully a letter to him." | |||
This type of adverbal structure is reserved for single adverbs only. Adding several adverbs to a verb will need a noun structure. | |||
''Nouns in essive case'' | |||
''Nouns in a noun phrase with "mod"'' | |||
==='''Nouns'''=== | ==='''Nouns'''=== | ||