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Kämpya: Difference between revisions

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Kämpya (view source)

Revision as of 08:14, 21 November 2013

3,523 bytes added ,  21 November 2013
Added morphology section
(Section on Intransitive Verbs finished)
(Added morphology section)
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| Nasal || m̥ m ||  || n̥ n ||  ||  || ŋ ||
| Nasal || m̥ m ||  || n̥ n ||  ||  || ŋ ||
|-
|-
| Fricative ||  || θ ð || sʰ s z || ɬ || ||  || h
| Fricative ||  || θ ð || sʰ s z || *ɬ || *ç ||  || h
|-
|-
| Semivowel || w ||  ||  ||  || j || ||
| Semivowel || *ʍ w ||  ||  ||  || j || ||
|-
|-
| Other Sonorants || ⱱ~ʋ ||  || ɾ || l || || ||
| Other Sonorants || ⱱ~ʋ ||  || ɾ || l || || ||
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# /b/, /d/ and /g/ are often pronounced as slightly implosive.
# /b/, /d/ and /g/ are often pronounced as slightly implosive.
# /ɬ/ corresponds to Burmese */l̥/, and English */sl/.
# [ɬ] corresponds to Burmese */l̥/, and English */sl/. It is underlyingly /hl/.
# [ç] is underlyingly /hj/.
# [ʍ] is underlyingly /hw/.
# [ⱱ] and [ʋ] are in free variation.
# [ⱱ] and [ʋ] are in free variation.


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==Syntax==
== Morphology==


Kämpya has topic comment syntax [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language], and is also syntactically ergative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ergativity#Syntactic_ergativity] and secundative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language].
Being an isolating language, Kämpya only has a few morphological processes.


===Copula===
===Pronouns===
 
====With Pronouns====


Kämpya only has a verb meaning "to be" if the subject is a pronoun. It is marked for 4 TAM categories (and is the only verb in the language to do so). It could thus be said that Kämpya has "tensed pronouns" (like Hausa). The 4 tenses are: Present Progressive (used for actions that are happening right now), Past Imperfect (also used for present habitual actions, or that are true in general), Perfect, and Future.
Pronouns are not marked for singular or plural, but there are two words for "we" depending on whether the listener is included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity]. The pronouns that do not include the listener are also used to only talk about the speaker. Another way of looking at this is that Kämpya makes no distinction between "us not including you" and "me", but uses different forms for "us including you".


This verb is not marked for number, but takes different forms for 1st person subjects depending on whether the listener is included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity]. Another way of looking at this is that Kämpya makes no distinction between "us not including you" and "me".  
Tenses and aspects are marked on the pronoun rather than the verb (like Hausa). A sentence without a pronoun can thus be ambiguous as to when it happened. The 4 tenses are: Present Progressive (used for actions that are happening right now), Past Imperfect (also used for present habitual actions, or that are true in general), Perfect, and Future.


In each case, there is a different form of the word depending on whether they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel. There is also an "emphatic" form, which is used to emphasise the subject. The emphatic form does not depend on whether the following word starts with a vowel or not. Each form is listed below, with the normal form listed first, the form before a vowel second, and the emphatic form last:
In each case, there is a different form of the word depending on whether they are immediately followed by a word beginning with a vowel. There is also an "emphatic" form, which is used to emphasise the subject. The emphatic form does not depend on whether the following word starts with a vowel or not. Each form is listed below, with the normal form listed first, the form before a vowel second, and the emphatic form last:
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As you can see above, the emphatic forms all have Low Tone with Harsh Phonation (i.e. belong to Tone Class 2), while all the other forms have High Tone with no phonation (i.e. modal phonation).
As you can see above, the emphatic forms all have Low Tone with Harsh Phonation (i.e. belong to Tone Class 2), while all the other forms have High Tone with no phonation (i.e. modal phonation).
===Transitivity===
There is also a morphological process to derive transitive verbs from intransitive ones. It affects the onset of the stressed syllable. What exactly happens depends on the first consonant of the stressed syllable.
====Aspirated Consonants====
For intransitive verbs where the stressed syllable begins with an aspirated consonant, the consonant loses its aspiration and <áh> is infixed immediately after it (and before any second consonant in the cluster). So from /pʰláuʔt/ - "float (intransitive)", we can derive /páˈhláuʔt/ - "to float (transitive)".
====Voiceless Nasals====
If the stressed syllable begins with a voiceless nasal, then they behave similar to the aspirated consonants, losing their voicelessness and take the infix /áh/ immediately after them e.g. /m̥â̰n/ - "to be correct" -> /máˈhâ̰n/ - "to make something correct".
====Unaspirated Obstruents====
If the stressed syllable begins with unaspirated /p/, /t/, /k/ or /s/, then it is aspirated e.g. /sjáuʔk/ - "to walk (intransitive)" -> /sʰjáuʔk/ - "to walk (transitive)", or /pjḛ̂/ - "to come loose" -> /pʰjḛ̂/ - "to loosen".
====Voiced Nasals and Approximants====
If the stressed syllable begins with a voiced nasal, then the transitive form is derived by making it voiceless e.g. /ˈnwḛ̂bò/ - "to be new" -> /ˈn̥wḛ̂bò/ - "to make new, to refresh", or /mjíʔŋ/ - "to rise" -> /m̥jíʔŋ/ - "to raise".
====Clusters of /h/ + Approximant====
If the stressed syllable begins with /h/ followed by /l/, /w/ or /j/, then they rearrange to become sequences of Approximant + /áh/ e.g. /hwég/ - "to be fun" -> /wáˈhḛ̂g/ - "to make fun", or /hljḭ̂ŋ/ - "to be possible" -> /láˈhjḭ̂ŋ/ - "to make possible".
====Approximants====
If the stressed syllable begins with an approximant (or sequence of /l/ + another approximant, then /h/ is inserted immediately before the approximant(s) e.g. /là̤ⱱ/ - "to laugh" -> /hlà̤ⱱ/ - "to make laugh".
====Plain /h/====
If the stressed syllable begins with plain /h/, /á/ is inserted immediately before the /h/ e.g. /hàṳŋ/ - "to be old" -> /áˈhàṳŋ/ - "to age (transitive)".
====No Onset====
If there are no onset consonants in the stressed syllable, then /h/ is inserted e.g. /è̤/ - "to be cold" -> /hè̤/ - "to chill (transitive)".
====Other cases====
In other cases, /áh/ is infixed immediately after the first consonant of the stressed syllable e.g. /ˈdò̤mì/ - "to rest (intransitive)" -> /dáˈhò̤mì/ - "to rest (transitive)".
==Syntax==
Kämpya has topic comment syntax [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic-prominent_language], and is also syntactically ergative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_ergativity#Syntactic_ergativity] and secundative [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language].
===Copula===
====With Pronouns====
Kämpya only has a verb meaning "to be" if the subject is a pronoun. It is marked for 4 TAM categories (and is the only verb in the language to do so). It could thus be said that Kämpya has "tensed pronouns" (like Hausa). The 4 tenses are: Present Progressive (used for actions that are happening right now), Past Imperfect (also used for present habitual actions, or that are true in general), Perfect, and Future.
This verb is not marked for number, but takes different forms for 1st person subjects depending on whether the listener is included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusivity]. Another way of looking at this is that Kämpya makes no distinction between "us not including you" and "me".


Here are some example sentences:
Here are some example sentences:
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