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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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/h/ never occurs after vowels with harsh phonation. | /h/ never occurs after vowels with harsh phonation. | ||
Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the | Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the dative clitic /àuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g. | ||
/à̤h jà/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤çà] (/hj/ assimilates to [ç]). | /à̤h jà/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤çà] (/hj/ assimilates to [ç]). | ||
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/dáʔh jà/ - "of the darkness (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈdáʔçà]. | /dáʔh jà/ - "of the darkness (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈdáʔçà]. | ||
/à̤h àuŋ/ - " | /à̤h àuŋ/ - "to the question" is pronounced [ˈà̤ɦàuⁿ]. | ||
/dáʔh àuŋ/ - " | /dáʔh àuŋ/ - "to the darkness" is pronounced [ˈdáʔhàuⁿ]. | ||
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===Possessive Pronouns=== | ===Possessive Pronouns=== | ||
These inflect for alienable vs. inalienable possession, however, in the emphatic form, these are not distinguished | These inflect for alienable vs. inalienable possession, however, in the emphatic form, these are not distinguished. There is also a proximate vs. obviative distinction on 3rd person possessive pronouns. The proximate pronouns are used when the possessor was the last noun that was in the absolutive case (i.e. unmarked). The obviative pronouns are used in other cases. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! 1st Person Exclusive !! 1st Person Inclusive !! 2nd Person !! 3PS Proximate !! 3PS Obviative | |||
|- | |||
| Before a consonant (Inalienable) || mái || áu || jó || dé || ðí | |||
|- | |||
| Before a vowel (Inalienable) || máj- || áw- || józw- || dézw- || ðj- | |||
|- | |||
| Alienable || môṵ || ˈḛ̂wà || jô̰ || dḛ̂- || ðjíʔ | |||
|- | |||
| Emphatic || mòṵ || ˈḛ̀wá || bwò̤ || swḭ̀ || sḛ̀ | |||
|} | |||
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However, immediately after an open syllable with a stressed vowel, the ergative clitic has the allomorph /-ɾu/ e.g. | However, immediately after an open syllable with a stressed vowel, the ergative clitic has the allomorph /-ɾu/ e.g. | ||
/ŋà̤= | /ŋà̤=ɾù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | ||
fish=ERG bite lizard | fish=ERG bite lizard | ||
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However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */ | However, the subject pronoun still come immediately before the verb, so sentences like */jéi gáʔɾ káiʔk/ are ungrammatical. | ||
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When both the subject and the object of a verb are pronouns, the subject comes first e.g. | When both the subject and the object of a verb are pronouns, the subject comes first e.g. | ||
jéi=swí=káiʔk | |||
2PS | 2PS.NOM=3PS.ACC=bite | ||
You are biting him. | |||
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The dog abandoned (someone / something). | The dog abandoned (someone / something). | ||
The deleted object can be re-introduced into the sentence using the dative clitic /-àuŋ/ e.g. | |||
/kʰwèi̤ θú=káiʔk gáʔɾ=àuŋ/ | |||
dog ANTPASS=bite lizard=DAT | |||
The dog bit the lizard. | |||
At first glance, this may seem pointless, as we could have quite easily have said: | |||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ | |||
dog=ERG bite lizard | |||
It was the dog that bit the lizard. | |||
However, the difference is that Kämpya has ergative syntax. Whatever argument of the verb is in the absolutive case is the syntactic pivot [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_pivot]. In a normal transitive sentence, this is the object of the verb. But, by using the antipassive voice, the subject of the transitive verb becomes the syntactic pivot. If we combine the two sentences above with the verb /pjèi̤/ - "to flee", the meaning becomes very different: | |||
/kʰwèi̤ θú=káiʔk gáʔɾ=àuŋ pjèi̤/ | |||
dog ANTPASS=bite lizard=DAT flee | |||
The dog bit the lizard and (the dog) ran away. | |||
vs. | |||
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk gáʔɾ pjèi̤/ | |||
dog=ERG bite lizard flee | |||
The dog that bit the lizard and the lizard ran away. | |||
Note that the dative clitic has the allomorph /jàuŋ/ after a vowel e.g. | |||
/gáʔɾ θú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/ | |||
lizard ANTPASS=bite dog=DAT | |||
The lizard bit the dog. | |||