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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] |
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| {{Infobox language family
| | The '''Tsimulh languages''' are a [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family mainly spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh'''. |
| | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
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| | region = Much of Txapoalli
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| | name = Tsimulh
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| | familycolor = tsimulh
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| | family = One of Tricin's primary language families
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| | protoname = Proto-Tsimulh
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| | child1 = Hetmic
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| | child2 = Idosic
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| | child3 = Swuntsimic
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| | child4 = Rencadic
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| | child5 = Pelhyysic
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| }}
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| The '''Tsimulh languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''bo brits Tsimys'', [[Windermere]]: ''fi imcduay Tsimăł'', from [[Sacred Swuntsim]] ''tsiməσ'', 'tribe', pl. of ''ʔiməσ'' 'tribesman') form the largest language family in [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]. The proto-language is '''Proto-Tsimulh''', whose aesthetics is inspired by Old Chinese and the Salish languages. | |
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| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| *''-s'': past tense, genitive | | *''-s'': past tense, genitive |
| *''-əσ'': some adjectival suffix | | *''-txʷ'' |
| *''-iyad'' = augmentative | | *''-cid'' |
| | *''-dəb'' = augmentative |
| *Reduplication | | *Reduplication |
| *relativizer/relative forms for verbs | | *relativizer/relative forms for verbs |
| *m n > Sf. v dh? (-tsiv in [[Swuntsim]] ~ Tsimulh?)
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| *N.tugəŋ = water (as a liquid) - Sf. ''tüdjo''
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| *k.tugəŋ = body of water - Sf. ''tjtüdjo''
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| *Work on Talman Swuntsim first
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| *Some Tsimulh langs should gain liquids only to lose them again
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| *Might not have ejectives
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| ==Languages== | | ==Phylogeny== |
| There are estimated to be over 1,400 Tsimulh languages, making it the second largest family in Tricin.
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| *Proto-Tsimulh | | *Proto-Tsimulh |
| **[[Sacred Swuntsim]] | | **[[Swuntsim]] |
| ***[[Swuntsim]] (''təSfətsiv'')
| | **[[Hetomic]] |
| **[[Hetomic]] (''tiHetomt'') | | **[[Idosian]] |
| **[[Pelhyys]] (''tPezlüüt'')
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| **Idosic
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| ***[[Idosian]] (''səyIdosm'')
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| **[[Rencadian]] (''diZhęqad'') Some retroflexy language - get retros from assimilation to uvulars
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| The four most well-known Tsimulh languages are Hetomic, Idosian, Swuntsim and Pelhyys. The others are spoken by small minorities.
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| ==Urheimat== | | ==Urheimat== |
| Somewhere in Txapoalli | | Somewhere in Txapoalli |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Phonotactics===
| | Tlingit-Lushootseed hybrid gib, liquidless |
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| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| Proto-Tsimulh had a smaller-than-average consonant inventory, with no liquids.
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| {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center | | {| class="bluetable" style=text-align:center |
| |-style="font-size: 90%;" | | |-style="font-size: 90%;" |
| !rowspan=2| | | !colspan=2 rowspan=2| |
| !rowspan=2| Bilabial | | !rowspan=2| Bilabial |
| !colspan=2| Alveolar | | !colspan=2| Alveolar |
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| ! <small>labialized</small> | | ! <small>labialized</small> |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Nasal | | !colspan=2| Nasal |
| | m | | | m |
| | n | | | n |
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| | ŋ? | | | |
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| |- | | |- |
| !| Stop | | !rowspan=3| Stop |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
| | p | | | p |
| | t | | | t |
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| | ʔ | | | ʔ |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Affricate | | ! <small>voiced</small> |
| | | b |
| | | d |
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| | | g |
| | | gʷ |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>ejective</small> |
| | | pʼ |
| | | tʼ |
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| | | kʼ |
| | | kʷʼ |
| | | qʼ |
| | | qʷʼ |
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| | |- |
| | !rowspan=3| Affricate |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
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| | c | | | c |
| | ξ | | | ƛ |
| | | č |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>voiced</small> |
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| | | z |
| | | λ |
| | | ž |
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| |- | | |- |
| !| Fricative | | ! <small>ejective</small> |
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| | s | | | cʼ |
| | σ | | | ƛʼ |
| | | čʼ |
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| | |- |
| | !colspan=2| Fricative |
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| | | s |
| | | ł |
| | | š |
| | | x |
| | | xʷ |
| | | x̌ |
| | | x̌ʷ |
| | h | | | h |
| |- | | |- |
| !| Approximant | | !rowspan=2| Approximant |
| | ! <small>plain</small> |
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| | | | | l |
| | y | | | y |
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| | w | | | w |
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| | |- |
| | ! <small>glottalized</small> |
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| | | lʼ |
| | | yʼ |
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| | | wʼ |
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| '''i u e a į ų ę ą''' /i u ə a ĩ ũ ə̃ ã/ | | '''i u ə a''' /i u e ə o a/ |
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| ===Tone=== | | ===Stress=== |
| Proto-Tsimulh was a tonal language: Every syllable had either high or low tone. The low tone is marked with a grave accent.
| | Penultimate. |
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| ==Morphology== | | ==Morphology== |
| Proto-Tsimulh and Tsimulh languages are almost exclusively prefixing.
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| ===Nouns=== | | ===Nouns=== |
| ====Noun classes==== | | ====Noun classes==== |
| Proto-Tsimulh had a noun class system like the Bantu languages. There were 12 noun classes, which are numbered as follows:
| | PTsN had 13 noun classes: |
| #''ʔə́-'', pl. ''cə́-'' = humans, spirits | | #''ʔu-'' = animates |
| #''bú-'', pl. ''də́-'' = animals and other things (such as weather phenomena and organs) that sense or move on their own | | #''ʔəł-'' |
| #''pà-'', pl. ''pí-'' = most plants and mushrooms; things that grow, food | | #''s-'' |
| #''sə̀-'', pl. ''sì-'' = collections or large things | | #''x̌-'' |
| #''sù-'', pl. ''σə́-'' = roughly round, compact objects | | #''iʔ-'' |
| #''má-'', pl. ''wə́-'' = long objects; tools, instruments, devices, food item | | #''gwi-'' |
| #''kə̀-'', pl. ''bí-'' = places, locations, slots | | #''tx-'' |
| #''gú-'', pl. ''nə̀-'' = various... including fluids (powder, water, liquids, fire, light, waves, wind, ...) | | #''ad-'' |
| #''σí-'', pl. ''wí-'' = time periods; events; things that are temporary (e.g. ice) | | #''kʷ-'' |
| #''tì-'' = abstractions, manner, way | | #''d-'' |
| #''t’ímə̀-'' = infinitives, verbal nouns | | #''č-'' |
| #''pə̀dá-'' = -ness, -hood | | #''dxʷ-'' |
| | | #''c-'' |
| In Proto-Tsimulh, verbs and determiners agreed with their head nouns in number and noun class. The descendant Tsimulh languages can be divided into 5 types depending on the type of agreement system they have:
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| *Type A: Traditional, strictly formal (e.g. Sacred Swuntsim)
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| *Type B: Traditional with general animate concords (e.g. Hetmic; Pelhyys)
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| *Type C: Animacy-based SG/PL-marking (e.g. Talman Swuntsim)
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| *Type D: SG/PL-marking only (e.g. Idosian)
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| *Type E: No concords at all (e.g. [retroflexy tsimulh language])
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| ====Cases==== | | ====Cases==== |
| *Nominative: ''-0'' | | *Nominative: ''-0'' |
| *Genitive: ''-s'' | | *Genitive: ''-s'' |
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| ====Possession====
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| Same as verbal concord affixes with the addition of a buffer affix
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| ===Verbs=== | | ===Verbs=== |
| ====Noun class prefixes==== | | ====Noun class prefixes==== |
| TODO: Some of the class markers should be different from class markers on nouns.
| | *I = ''lə-'' |
| *I = ''kʷə-'' | |
| *you (sg) = ''xʷə-'' | | *you (sg) = ''xʷə-'' |
| *we = ''wə-'' | | *he = ''ʔə-'' |
| *you (pl) = ''cu-'' | | *we = ''gwə-'' |
| *Noun class prefixes: Same as nominal ones | | *you (pl) = ''sə-'' |
| | *Noun class prefixes: |
| | *#sg. ''ʔu-''; pl. ''bə-'' |
| | *#''ʔəł-'' |
| | *#''s-'' |
| | *#''x̌-'' |
| | *#''iʔ-'' |
| | *#''gwi-'' |
| | *#''tx-'' |
| | *#''ad-'' |
| | *#''kʷ-'' |
| | *#''d-'' |
| | *#''č-'' |
| | *#''dxʷ-'' |
| | *#''c-'' |
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| ====Tense affixes==== | | ====Tense affixes==== |
| Some verbal infix, like {{angbr|''n''}}
| | ''-s'' - past tense |
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| Tenses:
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| *present
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| *recent past
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| *remote past
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| *irrealis (can be used alone or with a modal particle in daughter languages): ''dę-''
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| ====Evidentiality====
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| ===Numbers===
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| The numerals 1-9 inflected for noun class; 10 and higher units did not.
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| (Sacred Swuntsim)
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| 1: *-an
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| 2: *-xʷiš
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| 3: *-ʔiyəm
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| 4: *-udzuq
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| 5: *-t'uŋ
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| 6: *-čayədz
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| 7: *-buč'əŋ
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| 8: *-gwiməʔ
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| 9: *-anay
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| 10: *-kʷ'in
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| ==Derivation==
| | [[Category:Naquic languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] |
| ===Deriving nouns===
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| maybe they'd have derivational prefixes that are a certain noun class like IE languages do
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| ===Deriving verbs===
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| [[Category:Tsimulh languages|*]][[Category:Language families]] | |