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====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives==== | ||
The deictic noun ''hi'' is an all purpose demonstrative which indicate neither distance nor number, thus equivalent to both 'this' and 'that' as well as 'these' and 'those'. | |||
Optionally, three levels of distance associated with the three grammatical persons may be distinguished. | |||
* '''''hina''''' = 'this', near to the speaker [proximal / first person] | |||
* '''''hiwa''''' = 'that', near to the listener [medial / second person] | |||
* '''''hide''''' = 'that', away from speaker and listener [distal / third person] | |||
These three levels of distance are also indicated in nouns indicating entities in a particular location ... | |||
* '''''luna''''' = entity which is 'here', in a place near to the speaker [proximal / first person] | |||
* '''''luwa''''' = entity which is 'there', in a place near to the listener [medial / second person] | |||
* '''''lude''''' = entity which is 'there', in a place away from speaker and listener [distal / third person] | |||
... as well as in nouns indicating motion towards and away from locations. | |||
* '''''zona''''' = entity which moves 'here', towards a place near to the speaker [proximal / first person] | |||
* '''''zowa''''' = entity which moves 'there', towards a place near to the listener [medial / second person] | |||
* '''''zode''''' = entity which moves 'there', towards a place away from speaker and listener [distal / third person] | |||
* '''''byena''''' = entity which moves 'from here', away from a place near to the speaker [proximal / first person] | |||
* '''''byewa''''' = entity which moves 'from there', away from a place near to the listener [medial / second person] | |||
* '''''byede''''' = entity which moves 'from there', away from a place away from speaker and listener [distal / third person] | |||
Due to the nominal nature of all of these words, there is a need to briefly distinguish the deictic ''hi-'' series from the locative ''lu-'' series. The former series 'points' towards a specific referent, often accompanied by physical pointing. The latter series does not and may indicate any entity in the specified location. | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | '''''<span style="color:blue">Hina</span> i zwida.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| hina || i || zwida | |||
|- | |||
| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small>.1s || <small>COP</small> || important.<small>E</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | ''<span style="color:blue">This</span> (by me) is important.'' | |||
|} | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | '''''<span style="color:blue">Luna</span> i zwida.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| luna || i || zwida | |||
|- | |||
| <small>LOC</small>.<small>E</small>.1s || <small>COP</small> || important.<small>E</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | ''<span style="color:blue">The one that is here</span> (by me) is important.'' | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | ''<span style="color:blue">Something here</span> (by me) is important.'' | |||
|} | |||
When referring to the something that is close to both speaker and listener (such as a house that both are inside), politeness generally dictates that the second person is used as the reference point. Using oneself as the reference point (replacing ''hiwa'' in the following example with ''hina'') indicates that the speaker considers him or herself of a higher rank than the listener. | |||
:{| | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | '''''<span style="color:blue">Hiwa</span> mba i ba bazili.''''' | |||
|- | |||
| hiwa || mba || i || ba || bazili | |||
|- | |||
| <small>DEM</small>.<small>E</small>.2s || house || <small>COP</small> || extreme.<small>E</small> || old.<small>E</small> | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | ''<span style="color:blue">This</span> house (by you) is very old.'' | |||
|} | |||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||