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===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters as well as an apostrophe to mark a word-initial glottal stop. A dot below a | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters as well as an apostrophe to mark a word-initial glottal stop. A dot below a vowel is used to mark stress when ambiguous. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| õ | | õ | ||
| ọ̃ | | ọ̃ | ||
| ı | |||
| w | | w | ||
| b | | b | ||
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| g | | g | ||
| m | | m | ||
| n | | n | ||
| | | ŋ | ||
| l | | l | ||
| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| ’ | | ’ | ||
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===Clusters=== | ===Clusters=== | ||
Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate as well as word-finally, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | ||
* A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | * A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | ||
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===Syllabification=== | ===Syllabification=== | ||
In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by | In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by the vowel letter '''ı''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter. | ||
An example | An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''ın-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''ındoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ʼadındoo-'' when the direct marker ''ʼah-'' is added. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
! colspan="5" | Stem | ! colspan="5" | Stem | ||
| colspan="2" | | | colspan="2" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
| | | Agency | ||
| Incorp. | | Incorp. | ||
| | | Preverb | ||
| '''Root''' | | '''Root''' | ||
| Deriv. | | Deriv. | ||
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| Converb. | | Converb. | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo''''' | | colspan="2" | <center>'''''oo'''''</center> | ||
| ''oona'' | | ''oona'' | ||
| '' | | ''ohda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''oyya'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''oyya''</center> | ||
| ''oena'' | | ''oena'' | ||
| '' | | ''oehda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Frequentative | ! Frequentative | ||
| colspan="2" | <center>''odsa'' | | colspan="2" | <center>''odsa''</center> | ||
| ''osdna'' | | ''osdna'' | ||
| ''osda'' | | ''osda'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Sometimes stems appear connected through no longer productive processes, such as '' | Sometimes stems appear connected through no longer productive processes, such as ''ımmohwa'' "cook", related also to ''oo''. | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ımmõõ'' | ||
| ''emmõõ'' | | ''emmõõ'' | ||
| ''ommõõ'' | | ''ommõõ'' | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-da'' | | ''-da'' | ||
| | | ''-s'' | ||
| ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house" | | ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| ''-wo'' | | ''-wo'' | ||
| | | ''-h'' | ||
| ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | | ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| ''-wa'' | | ''-wa'' | ||
| | | ''-wı'' | ||
| ''eewa'' "in order to see" | | ''eewa'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
| ''-ya'' | | ''-ya'' | ||
| | | ''-yı'' | ||
| ''ʼayya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | | ''ʼayya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
The shorter forms | The shorter forms are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ʼahba las'' "in Appa"), and are still found in some common fossilised words, such as ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now". Certain proper nouns retain this form for possessive constructions (e.g. ''ʼahbas ımmee'' "Appa('s) town square"). There are also instances of splits, such as the productive ''oadnada'' "where the sun rises" versus the fossilised ''oadnas'', referring specifically to the corresponding cardinal direction. | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''eyya'' and ''owwa'', generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ʼa-'' becomes ''ʼe-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you pale?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada''<br />"you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) oada''<br />"they are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada no''<br />"am I pale?" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) oada no''<br />"are they pale?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼassee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼassee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼahhee''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ʼassee''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ʼassee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | Proximal | ! colspan="2" | Proximal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct source | ! Conjunct source | ||
! Disjunct source | ! Disjunct source | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) oada (ea go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Indirect involvement==== | ====Indirect involvement==== | ||
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|phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=ʼao go bahba ʼe<u>hh</u>ee | |phrase=ʼao go bahba ʼe<u>hh</u>ee | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçi̯eː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçi̯eː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=ʼao go bahba ʼe<u>ss</u>ee | |phrase=ʼao go bahba ʼe<u>ss</u>ee | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=ʼehhees | |phrase=ʼehhees | ||
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːɕ] | |IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçi̯eːɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX- | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnawo ʼao go ʼaosãã ma | |phrase=oadnawo ʼao go ʼaosãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ʼeebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba od<u> | |phrase=ʼao go bahba od<u>sa</u>woyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba mee<u>da</u> | |phrase=ʼao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsawoyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST- | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go ʼahhee''<br />"dogs | | ''bahba go ʼahhee''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go ʼassee''<br />"dogs are | | ''bahba go ʼassee''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa ʼahhee''<br />"water is | | ''sãã sa ʼahhee''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã sa ʼassee''<br />(ungrammatical) | | ''*sãã sa ʼassee''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''ʼao go <u>bahba</u> ʼohhee''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | | ''ʼao go <u>bahba</u> ʼohhee''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| ''<u>bahba go</u> | | ''<u>bahba go</u> ʼao ʼossee''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[ | |phrase=[owahdawo bahba go ʼossoena]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdawo ʼesseenas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ jɪˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go oada ʼesseenas no | |phrase=bahba go oada ʼesseenas no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ʔɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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| ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | | ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | | ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa no | | ''ebadsa no''<br />"weaving?" | ||
| ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | | ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ''baa'' | | ''baa'' | ||
| ''ba'' | | ''ba'' | ||
| : | | :MAN | ||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | | Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ bo | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
|translation=hair (on the head) | |translation=hair (on the head) | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | |IPA=[m̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=POSS-head TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=head (on the body) | |translation=head (on the body) | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ʼao ʼehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao go bahba go | |phrase=ʼao go bahba go oas egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑːɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Specification=== | ===Specification=== | ||
Prefixes such as '' | Prefixes such as ''n-'' "up; forth" and ''l-'' "down; away" can be used to specify location, with the inchoative stem of the locative verb providing a sense of motion toward a destination, and the terminative away from it. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go | |phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go elgoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ jɪɬˈku̯oː] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is down in Appa | |translation=Ao is down in Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go | |phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go elgoona | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ jɪɬˈku̯oː.n̠ɐ] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.INCH.IND | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.INCH.IND | ||
|translation=Ao went down to Appa | |translation=Ao went down to Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go | |phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go elgohda | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ jɪɬˈkʷo̞ħ.t̠ɐ] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.TERM.IND | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-SUB-LOC:ACT.TERM.IND | ||
|translation=Ao went away from Appa | |translation=Ao went away from Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 790: | Line 779: | ||
|phrase=ʼao sas sãã | |phrase=ʼao sas sãã | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | ||
|gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 797: | Line 786: | ||
|phrase=ʼao sas laa | |phrase=ʼao sas laa | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑː] | ||
|gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 808: | Line 797: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼao gos | |phrase=ʼao gos ımmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head TOP:STAT | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=Ao's head (lit. "head at Ao") | |translation=Ao's head (lit. "head at Ao") | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 839: | Line 828: | ||
|phrase=bahba go ewoe no | |phrase=bahba go ewoe no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ jɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ] | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ jɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 850: | Line 839: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go | |phrase=ʼahba las ʼao go ʼesdsoes | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | |translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 861: | Line 850: | ||
|phrase=ʼahba las esoonas | |phrase=ʼahba las esoonas | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐɕ‿ɕɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐɕ‿ɕɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I've moved to Appa | |translation=I've moved to Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 872: | Line 861: | ||
|phrase=meyya bahba go | |phrase=meyya bahba go | ||
|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | |IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 881: | Line 870: | ||
|phrase=oada bahba go | |phrase=oada bahba go | ||
|IPA=[ˈɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | |IPA=[ˈɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ] | ||
|gloss=shine.STAT.IND dog TOP:ACT | |gloss=shine.STAT.IND dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a white dog | |translation=a white dog | ||
}} | }} |
edits