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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''ảhga'' | ||
|pronunciation = [ | |pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə] | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | ||
|familycolor = ? | |familycolor = ? | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' ('' | '''Ash''' (''ảhga'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜/}} | | {{IPA|/m~˜ n~˜ ŋ~˜/}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| a | | a | ||
| | | ı | ||
| e | | e | ||
| y | | y | ||
| o | | o | ||
| w | | w | ||
| b | | b | ||
| d | | d | ||
| g | | g | ||
| l | | l | ||
| s | | s | ||
| h | | h | ||
| | | m | ||
| n | |||
| ŋ | |||
|} | |} | ||
Tilde (e.g. '''ã''') is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. '''ả''') denotes a word-initial glottal stop. | |||
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|// | | {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈu.wi//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ | | → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ | | → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}} | ||
| → '' | | → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Clusters=== | ===Clusters=== | ||
Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | Depending on the underlying nature of a cluster, various processes take place either on a phonemic (phoneme alternation) or on a phonetic (surface allophony) level. For example, {{IPA|/t/}} merges with {{IPA|/t͡s/}} on the ''phonemic'' level before {{IPA|/i~j/}} or a plosive or an affricate as well as word-finally, but alternates with {{IPA|[ð]}} on the ''phonetic'' level between vowels. | ||
* A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | * A nasal or fricative geminates before a glide, assimilating to and eliding it in the process. | ||
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| {{IPA|[ħ.P]}} | | {{IPA|[ħ.P]}} | ||
| {{IPA|[ʔ.P͡F]}} | | {{IPA|[ʔ.P͡F]}} | ||
| {{IPA|/ʔ. | | {{IPA|/ʔ.ᴮN/}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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</div> | </div> | ||
<div style="clear: both"></div> | <div style="clear: both"></div> | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="4" | Stem | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="3" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Deixis | | Deixis | ||
| | | Agency | ||
| Incorp. | | Incorp. | ||
| '''Root''' | | '''Root''' | ||
| Deriv. | | Deriv. | ||
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| Converb. | | Converb. | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Stative | ! Stative | ||
! Active | ! Active | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Indicative | ! Indicative | ||
| ''''' | | '''''oa''''' | ||
| ''oahda'' | | ''oahda'' | ||
| ''oadna'' | | ''oadna'' | ||
| ''oasda'' | | ''oasda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Optative | ! Optative | ||
| '' | | ''oae'' | ||
| ''oadse'' | | ''oadse'' | ||
| ''oadne'' | | ''oadne'' | ||
| ''oasde'' | |||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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====Derived verbs==== | ====Derived verbs==== | ||
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''- | Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative ''-y-'' or the frequentative ''-(d)s-'', which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from ''oo'' "consume": | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Basic | ! Basic | ||
! Causative | ! Causative | ||
! Frequentative | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''oo''''' | |||
| | | ''oyya'' | ||
| '' | | ''odsa'' | ||
| '' | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix '' | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ımmõõ'' | ||
| ''emmõõ'' | | ''emmõõ'' | ||
| ''ommõõ'' | | ''ommõõ'' | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! Long | ||
! Short | |||
! Example | ! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-da'' | | ''-la'', ''-da'' | ||
| | | ''-l'' | ||
| '' | | ''ınsonda'' "where they live; by the house; at home" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| ''- | | ''-go'' | ||
| | | ''-h'' | ||
| '' | | ''oadnah'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| ''- | | ''-ba'' | ||
| | | ''-o'' | ||
| '' | | ''eahba'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
| ''-ya'' | | ''-ya'' | ||
| | | ''-e'' | ||
| '' | | ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals '' | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa''. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u>''<br />"I am warm" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> no''<br />"are you warm?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea''<br />"you are warm" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) emea''<br />"they are warm" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea no''<br />"am I warm?" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) emea no''<br />"are they warm?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ẻhwea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ẻhwea yo''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''( | | ''(oa go) ẻssea yo''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan="2" | Proximal | ! colspan="2" | Proximal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct source | ! Conjunct source | ||
! Disjunct source | ! Disjunct source | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said I am warm" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said you are warm" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo''<br />"I said you are warm" | ||
| ''( | | ''(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo''<br />"you said I am warm" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Indirect involvement==== | ====Indirect involvement==== | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX- | |||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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===Valency=== | ===Valency=== | ||
==== | ====Agency==== | ||
Transitivity is explicitly marked and through an inversion marker on the verb the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order, the purpose of which is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires a topical marker, the details of which will be explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | Transitivity and volition are tied up in a single grammatical category termed agency. Direct agency is explicitly marked and through an inversion marker on the verb the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order, the purpose of which is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires a topical marker, the details of which will be explained in detail in the section on locative verbs. | ||
{| | {| | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hw</u>ea ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhweas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX- | |||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻsseas e | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=OBS | |||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnah ảyısããs yo | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnah ảo ga ảyısãã ma | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG | |||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảhbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC | |||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ẻwıbadsas yo | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=EMPH | |||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo ga bahba med<u>la</u> odsoyya ga | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog | |||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảhwea yo''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảssea yo''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã | | ''sãã da ảhwea yo''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã | | ''*sãã da ảssea yo''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo ga <u>bahba</u> ỏhwea e''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| ''<u>bahba go</u> | | ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea e''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo ga <u>sãã</u> ỏhwoo e''<br />"Ao was drinking water" | ||
| ''<u>sãã | | ''<u>sãã da</u> ảo ỏhwoo e''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[ | |phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS | |||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go | |phrase=osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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| ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | | ''ebadsa''<br />"weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | | ''ebadsa ma''<br />"not weaving" | ||
| ''ebadsa no | | ''ebadsa no''<br />"weaving?" | ||
| ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | | ''ebadsa yo''<br />"(really) weaving!" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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==Locative verbs== | ==Locative verbs== | ||
An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers | An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers. | ||
These are some of those verbs: | These are some of those verbs: | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ''laa'' | | ''laa'' | ||
| ''la'' | | ''la'', ''da'' | ||
| :STAT | | :STAT | ||
| General stative (indefinite or permanent) | | General stative (indefinite or permanent) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''goo'' | | ''goo'' | ||
| ''go'' | | ''go'', ''ŋo'' | ||
| :ACT | | :ACT | ||
| General active (temporary or dynamic) | | General active (temporary or dynamic) | ||
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| Air and weather | | Air and weather | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''boa'' | ||
| ''bo'' | | ''bo'' | ||
| :CRESC | | :CRESC | ||
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| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | | Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''mea'' | ||
| ''me'' | | ''me'' | ||
| :PYR | | :PYR | ||
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| ''baa'' | | ''baa'' | ||
| ''ba'' | | ''ba'' | ||
| : | | :MAN | ||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | | Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ bo | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
|translation=hair (on the head) | |translation=hair (on the head) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ımmõõ da | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=head (on the body) | |translation=head (on the body) | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX- | |||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=OBS | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sal sãã | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sal laa | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
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===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''- | Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser ''-l'' serve to mark the possessor of a possessum. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo gal osee go | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL | |||
|gloss=ao=TOP: | |translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao") | ||
|translation=Ao's | |||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhhodses | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | |||
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT-CONJ | |||
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | |translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhhodses no | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | |||
|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |||
|translation=perhaps I should eat something | |translation=perhaps I should eat something | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go | |phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | |||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q | |||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
}} | }} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as '' | Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mea'' "fire" → ''nayya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green". | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=nayya bahba go | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] |
edits