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===''Examples / sáams''=== | ===''Examples / sáams''=== | ||
kozdudannotúbabagèe | |||
ko-STUDAN-[n]ot-ú- | ko-STUDAN-[n]ot-ú-bi-ba-èe | ||
with-STUDENT-all-ess.-1.sg.- | with-STUDENT-all-ess.-1.sg.-acc.-maybe-and | ||
"and maybe with all my students" | "and maybe with all my students" | ||
kååpáfa | kååpáfa mevaabotúnotigùu | ||
kååp-á-f-a | me-FAAB-ot-ú-n-o-ti-uu | kååp-á-f-a | me-FAAB-ot-ú-n-o-ti-uu | ||
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|| [-Cäm] || deggäm [1.000.000] || tummäm [100.000.000.000] || milläm [1.000.000.000.000.000.000] | || [-Cäm] || deggäm [1.000.000] || tummäm [100.000.000.000] || milläm [1.000.000.000.000.000.000] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| [-Cev] || | || [-Cev] || deggev [10.000.000] || tummev [100.000.000.000.000] || millev [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| [-Cöš] || | || [-Cöš] || deggöš [100.000.000] || tummöš [10.000.000.000.000.000] || millöš [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| [-Cüts] || | || [-Cüts] || deggüts [1.000.000.000] || tummüts [1.000.000.000.000.000.000] || millüts [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| [-Ceg/-Ced] || | || [-Ceg/-Ced] || deggeg/degged [10.000.000.000] tummeg / tummed [100.000.000.000.000.000.000] || milleg / milled [1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000] | ||
|} | |} | ||
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méet [metre] + Cet > *méettet > mettéet 'squaremetre' [m.-et] | méet [metre] + Cet > *méettet > mettéet 'squaremetre' [m.-et] | ||
metíil [kilometre] + Cet > *metiillet > metilléet 'squarekilometre' [mm.-et] | |||
metáak [centimetre] + Cet > *metaakket > metakkéet 'squarecentimetre' [mdg.-et] | |||
méet [metre] + Cik > *méettik > mettíik 'cubic metre' [m.-ik] | méet [metre] + Cik > *méettik > mettíik 'cubic metre' [m.-ik] | ||
metáak [centimetre] + Cik > *metaakkik > metakkíik 'cubic centimetre' [mdg.-ik] | |||
metíll [kilometre] + Cik > *metiillik > metillíik 'cubic kilometre' [mm.-ik] | |||
Since numeral expressions follow the noun, kilo-, mega - a.s.o. are expressed in the format ''unit of measurement''[partitive] + numeral expression. Examples: | Since numeral expressions follow the noun, kilo-, mega - a.s.o. are expressed in the format ''unit of measurement''[partitive] + numeral expression. Examples: | ||
dammetá [metre, part.] + mil > dammetamíil [mm.] 'kilometre' [coll. metíil] | dammetá [metre, part.] + mil > dammetamíil [mm.] 'kilometre' [coll. metíil] | ||
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dametá [metre, part.] + dađegá > dametadađegáak [mdđ.] 'centimetre' [coll. | dametá [metre, part.] + dađegá > dametadađegáak [mdđ.] 'dekametre' [coll. međáak] | ||
dametá [metre, part.]+ dađeggetá > dametadeggetáak [mdg.] 'centimetre' [coll. metáak] | |||
dametá [metre, part.] + dammilá > dametadammiláak [mdm.] 'millimetre' [coll. memáak] | dametá [metre, part.] + dammilá > dametadammiláak [mdm.] 'millimetre' [coll. memáak] | ||
dametá [metre, part.] + dammilletá > dametadammilletáak [mdmt.] 'micrometre' [coll. meláak] | |||
dametá [metre, part.] + dadummulá > dametadadummuláak [mdtl.] 'nanometre' [coll. medáak] | |||
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daghramämá [ton, part.] + millik > daghramämamillíik [gmk.] ' | daghramämá [ton, part.] + millik > daghramämamillíik [gmk.] 'gigaton' [coll. gramämíik] | ||
==='''Verbs/Dunavȍöds'''=== | ==='''Verbs/Dunavȍöds'''=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
||pri- || <prim- || to start || Prillärngábin Volapük nulikí. 'I start learning Volapȕük nulíik.' | ||pri- || <prim- || to start || Prillärngábin Volapük nulikí. 'I start learning Volapȕük nulíik.' | ||
|- | |||
||ro- || <rop- || to interrupt || Rozbikodpábem Hyacinthé. 'I interrupt my conversation with Hyacinth [and continue it later].' | |||
|- | |- | ||
||fi- || <fin- || to end || Firreedgébinfò bukakí. 'I have finally reading this book.' | ||fi- || <fin- || to end || Firreedgébinfò bukakí. 'I have finally reading this book.' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
||slu- || <slud- || to decide || Slummerikiglém. 'He has taken the decision to go to America.' | ||slu- || <slud- || to decide || Slummerikiglém. 'He has taken the decision to go to America.' | ||
|- | |||
||se- || <sed- || to let, to have done || Sebeneddenbámeb. 'He has the letter written by me.' | |||
|- | |||
||ke- || <koed- || to permit, to refuse to prevent || Keđeadgȁfim. 'She let him die.' [she did nothing to prevent him from dying] | |||
|- | |||
||le- ||<lead- || to permit, to allow || Lenniveriglépsib. 'I was allowed to enter university.' [to enroll in studies] | |||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
||-sä || as if || ? || ? | ||-sä || as if || ? || ? | ||
|- | |||
||-fä || if only || ? || ? | |||
|- | |- | ||
||-bo/-so || little, not much || Nollärnȁbdäälbo. || I did not study much yesterday. | ||-bo/-so || little, not much || Nollärnȁbdäälbo. || I did not study much yesterday. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
||-sö || consequently, so || kvisinbábel, mövidádd. || I cook for you, so we both can eat [together]. | ||-sö || consequently, so || kvisinbábel, mövidádd. || I cook for you, so we both can eat [together]. | ||
|- | |||
||-su || immediately || Robledabsugȍd kođogú gufpabemeegȍd! || Stop playing with the dog immediately and help me! | |||
|} | |} | ||
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This slot includes suffixes that make the whole following phrase a subordinated clauses. The syntax of subordinated and main clauses does not differ, the question if a clause is a main or a subordinated clause is rather marked by the presence or absence of a subordinated clause marker. A subordinated marker may receive a second stress. | This slot includes suffixes that make the whole following phrase a subordinated clauses. The syntax of subordinated and main clauses does not differ, the question if a clause is a main or a subordinated clause is rather marked by the presence or absence of a subordinated clause marker. A subordinated marker may receive a second stress. | ||
{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
!suffix !! meaning !! example !! translation | |||
|- | |||
||-bi ||because || Lüvgóbil löfkábilbì. || I leave you because I love you. | |||
|- | |||
||-do ||although || Plödiglábs reenánotdò. || We go outside, although it is raining there. | |||
|- | |||
||-da || that || Saggábin domimakmémda Markus. || I say that Markus has come from his home. | |||
|- | |||
||-ne || without || Lüvém dinonnagémne. || He has left without saying anything.] | |||
|- | |||
||-fi || if || || | |||
|- | |||
||-ad || in order to || || | |||
|- | |||
||-(i)bsä || unless || || | |||
|} | |||
===''Slot XII / Bóok XII ''=== | ===''Slot XII / Bóok XII ''=== | ||
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||-Cif || *tifön || to steal || Kaparabbifél. kapar-ab-BIF-é-l 'You have stolen my goat.' | ||-Cif || *tifön || to steal || Kaparabbifél. kapar-ab-BIF-é-l 'You have stolen my goat.' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||-Cin || *binön || to exist || Dawatakkináan niđärsätó. 'There is water in the dessert.' Niđärsätokkináan dawatá. 'In the desert, there is water.' | |||
|- | |||
||-Cüt || *mütön || to cause to do [by force] || Penedakkennütpépsem. 'They have forced him to write this letter.' | |||
|- | |||
||-Cun || *flunön || to influence s.o. || Penedakkennunbépsem. 'They have influenced him to write this letter.' | |||
|- | |||
||-Cag || *sagön || to say, to tell || Konottagbémeb. 'He has told me a story. | |||
|} | |} | ||
-Cüt / -Cun are also used to create causatives in Volap'üük nulíik. | |||
Verbs of motion can also combine with placenames to indicate a motion to or from a certain place. These co-verb suffixes do take either the accusative (-i-) for a movement directed to the place or the dative (-e-) case for movement from this place. The Northern dialect will use the ablative (-ä-) here. | Verbs of motion can also combine with placenames to indicate a motion to or from a certain place. These co-verb suffixes do take either the accusative (-i-) for a movement directed to the place or the dative (-e-) case for movement from this place. The Northern dialect will use the ablative (-ä-) here. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| -sl- || *solu- || to die [in a place] || Moskovisléf. 'She has died in Moscow. [the original meaning 'to dissolve' was used as a metaphore of a soul that loses its connection to the material world when a a person dies. Since the original meaning implies a directional movement (dissolve into something), the placename appears in the accusative case.] | || -sl- || *solu- || to die [in a place] || Moskovisléf. 'She has died in Moscow. [the original meaning 'to dissolve' was used as a metaphore of a soul that loses its connection to the material world when a a person dies. Since the original meaning implies a directional movement (dissolve into something), the placename appears in the accusative case.] | ||
|- | |||
|| -bl- || *ble- || to stay || domoblársöd! Stay at home! | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} |
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