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====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Verbs have the following principal parts: present, | Verbs have the following principal parts: present, imperfect, perfect, imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. | ||
The exact paradigm depends on the verb. For stative verbs like ''plang'' 'to stand', present and imperfect forms are identical, and the preterite form often denotes dynamic change or views it as a completed action. | |||
*Present: ''plang'' 'stands'; feminine ''uplang'' | *Present = Imperfect: ''plang'' 'stands; was standing'; feminine ''uplang'' | ||
* | *Perfect: ''plaang'' 'stood up; stood' (ablaut, from PLak ''*-H'' for perfective); feminine ''uplaang'' | ||
*Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine ''wepalang'' | *Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine ''wepalang'' | ||
*Imperative/Subjunctive: ''plang'' 'stand! that X stand'; feminine ''uplang'' | *Imperative/Subjunctive: ''plang'' 'stand! that X stand'; feminine ''uplang'' | ||