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====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Verbs have the following principal parts: present, imperfect, perfect, subjunctive/imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. | Verbs have the following principal parts: present, imperfect, perfect, subjunctive/imperative and verbal noun, which are marked with reduplication, ablaut, and/or prefixes. | ||
The exact paradigm depends on the verb. For stative verbs like ''plang'' 'to stand', present and perfect forms are identical | *Present: present or present progressive | ||
*Imperfect: Like the Spanish imperfect; sometimes an English pluperfect | |||
*Perfect: Past completed action | |||
*Future/Subjunctive I: future imperfective | |||
*Future/Subjunctive II: future perfective | |||
*Imperative: Present or Subjunctive II | |||
The exact paradigm depends on the verb. For stative verbs like ''plang'' 'to stand', present and perfect forms are identical. | |||
Example: | Example: | ||
*Present = Perfect: ''plang'' 'stands; (has) stood'; feminine ''uplang'' | *Present = Perfect: ''plang'' 'stands; (has) stood'; feminine ''uplang'' | ||
*Imperfect: ''plăplang'' 'was standing' (from PLak reduplication for iterative); feminine ''uplăplang'' | *Imperfect: ''plăplang'' 'was standing; had stood' (from PLak reduplication for iterative); feminine ''uplăplang'' | ||
*Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine '' | *Future: ''hepălang'' 'will stand' (from ''heφ-'' future tense marker + nominal grade ''pälŋ'' of root √''pläŋ''); feminine ''wepălang'' | ||
*Infinitive: ''pălang'' (from nominal grade *pəlng) | *Infinitive: ''pălang'' (from nominal grade *pəlng) | ||