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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = *hak-kana3nījō | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[ | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | ||
|name = Ancient | |name = Ancient Knench | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = | ||
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|fam2=Semitic | |fam2=Semitic | ||
|fam3=Central Semitic | |fam3=Central Semitic | ||
|fam4 | |fam4=Canaanite | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ancient | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". | ||
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | |||
Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different). | |||
Ancient | Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations. | ||
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage) | |||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*When should matres lectionis be used? | *When should matres lectionis be used? | ||
*some a-priori roots | *some a-priori roots | ||
*Vowel reduction: | |||
**final originally unstressed long > short | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | ||
Since Ancient | Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | ||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | ||
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | * /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | ||
* /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | ||
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | |||
/m p b | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. | ||
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū | '''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | ||
Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench: | |||
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king' | |||
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written' | |||
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous' | |||
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)' | |||
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses' | |||
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of' | |||
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/) | Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/) | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
==Morphophonology== | |||
==Morphology== | |||
== | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Independent==== | ====Independent==== | ||
*1sg: '' | *1sg: ''hani, ni'' | ||
*2sg: '' | *2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f) | ||
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f) | *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f) | ||
*1pl: ''haħnu | *1pl: ''haħnu'' | ||
*2pl: '' | *2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f) | ||
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f) | *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f) | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to '' | The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''. | ||
Unstressed ''- | Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | ||
Often ''- | Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | ||
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | ||
====Other inflections==== | ====Other inflections==== | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli | Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick'). | ||
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the | A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun). | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Ancient | todo: get rid of 3fp forms | ||
Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench. | |||
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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The following verb forms lost their productivity: | The following verb forms lost their productivity: | ||
*emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a'' | *emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a'' | ||
*jussive (only survives in '' | *jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be') | ||
*infinitive absolute | *infinitive absolute | ||
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as '' | The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! preterite | ! preterite | ||
| waw-preterite: '' | | waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| waw-stative: '' | | waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ''waθθesmur'' | | ''waθθesmur'' | ||
| ''waθθesmurī'' | | ''waθθesmurī'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjesmur'' | ||
| ''waθθesmur'' | | ''waθθesmur'' | ||
| ''wannesmur'' | | ''wannesmur'' | ||
| ''waθθesmurū'' | | ''waθθesmurū'' | ||
| ''waθθesmurna'' | | ''waθθesmurna'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjesmurū'' | ||
| ''waθθesmurna'' | | ''waθθesmurna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>dep.</small> | ! <small>dep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''samarθi'' | ||
| ''samarθa'' | | ''samarθa'' | ||
| ''samarθe'' | | ''samarθe'' | ||
| ''samar'' | | ''samar'' | ||
| '' | | ''samarō'' | ||
| ''samarnu'' | | ''samarnu'' | ||
| ''samarθem'' | | ''samarθem'' | ||
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! rowspan=2|present | ! rowspan=2|present | ||
! <small>indep.</small> | ! <small>indep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''wassamarθi'' | ||
| ''wassamarθa'' | | ''wassamarθa'' | ||
| ''wassamarθe'' | | ''wassamarθe'' | ||
| ''wassamar'' | | ''wassamar'' | ||
| '' | | ''wassamarō'' | ||
| ''wassamarnu'' | | ''wassamarnu'' | ||
| ''wassamarθem'' | | ''wassamarθem'' | ||
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| ''θesmur'' | | ''θesmur'' | ||
| ''θesmurī'' | | ''θesmurī'' | ||
| '' | | ''jesmur'' | ||
| ''θesmur'' | | ''θesmur'' | ||
| ''nesmur'' | | ''nesmur'' | ||
| ''θesmurū'' | | ''θesmurū'' | ||
| ''θesmurna'' | | ''θesmurna'' | ||
| '' | | ''jesmurū'' | ||
| ''θesmurna'' | | ''θesmurna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2|active participle | !colspan=2|active participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''sūmḗr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2|passive participle | !colspan=2|passive participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''samȳ́r'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2|infinitive | !colspan=2|infinitive | ||
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====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)==== | ====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written' | ||
! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | ||
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! rowspan=2|preterite | ! rowspan=2|preterite | ||
! <small>indep.</small> | ! <small>indep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''wêxxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδibī'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδibū'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδibna'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjixxaδibū'' | ||
| '' | | ''waθθixxaδibna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>dep.</small> | ! <small>dep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabθi'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabθe'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθab'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabō'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabnu'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabθem'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixθabθen'' | ||
|colspan=2| '' | |colspan=2| ''nixθabū'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2|present | ! rowspan=2|present | ||
! <small>indep.</small> | ! <small>indep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabθi'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabθe'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθab'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabō'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabnu'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabθem'' | ||
| '' | | ''wannixθabθen'' | ||
|colspan=2| '' | |colspan=2| ''wannixθabū'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>dep.</small> | ! <small>dep.</small> | ||
| '' | | ''hixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδibī'' | ||
| '' | | ''jixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''nixxaδib'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδibū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδibna'' | ||
| '' | | ''jixxaδibū'' | ||
| '' | | ''θixxaδibna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2| imperative | !colspan=2| imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''hixxaδib!'' | ||
| '' | | ''hixxaδibī!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''hixxaδibū!'' | ||
| '' | | ''hixxaδibna!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2|participle | !colspan=2|participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''nixθōb'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=2|infinitive | !colspan=2|infinitive | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''hixxaδib'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!rowspan=2| preterite | !rowspan=2| preterite | ||
!|indep. | !|indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wôgattil'' | ||
| ''waθθagattil'' | | ''waθθagattil'' | ||
| ''waθθagattilī'' | | ''waθθagattilī'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjagattil'' | ||
| ''waθθagattil'' | | ''waθθagattil'' | ||
| ''wannagattil'' | | ''wannagattil'' | ||
| ''waθθagattilū'' | | ''waθθagattilū'' | ||
| ''waθθagattelna'' | | ''waθθagattelna'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjagattilū'' | ||
| ''waθθagattelna'' | | ''waθθagattelna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|dep. | !|dep. | ||
| '' | | ''kittelθi'' | ||
| ''kittelθa'' | | ''kittelθa'' | ||
| ''kittelθe'' | | ''kittelθe'' | ||
| ''kittil'' | | ''kittil'' | ||
| '' | | ''kittilō'' | ||
| ''kittelnu'' | | ''kittelnu'' | ||
| ''kittelθem'' | | ''kittelθem'' | ||
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!rowspan=2| present | !rowspan=2| present | ||
!|indep. | !|indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wakkittelθi'' | ||
| ''wakkittelθa'' | | ''wakkittelθa'' | ||
| ''wakkittelθe'' | | ''wakkittelθe'' | ||
| ''wakkittil'' | | ''wakkittil'' | ||
| '' | | ''wakkittilō'' | ||
| ''wakkittelnu'' | | ''wakkittelnu'' | ||
| ''wakkittelθem'' | | ''wakkittelθem'' | ||
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| ''θagattil'' | | ''θagattil'' | ||
| ''θagattilī'' | | ''θagattilī'' | ||
| '' | | ''jagattil'' | ||
| ''θagattil'' | | ''θagattil'' | ||
| ''nagattil'' | | ''nagattil'' | ||
| ''θagattilū'' | | ''θagattilū'' | ||
| ''θagattelna'' | | ''θagattelna'' | ||
| '' | | ''jagattilū'' | ||
| ''θagattelna'' | | ''θagattelna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)==== | ====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)==== | ||
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)==== | ====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! preterite indep. | ! preterite indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wôbdīl'' | ||
| ''waθθabdīl'' | | ''waθθabdīl'' | ||
| ''waθθabdīlī'' | | ''waθθabdīlī'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjabdīl'' | ||
| ''waθθabdīl'' | | ''waθθabdīl'' | ||
| ''wannabdīl'' | | ''wannabdīl'' | ||
| ''waθθabdīlū'' | | ''waθθabdīlū'' | ||
| ''waθθabdelna'' | | ''waθθabdelna'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjabdīlū'' | ||
| ''waθθabdelna'' | | ''waθθabdelna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ''hibdelθe'' | | ''hibdelθe'' | ||
| ''hibdīl'' | | ''hibdīl'' | ||
| '' | | ''hibdīlō'' | ||
| ''hibdelnu'' | | ''hibdelnu'' | ||
| ''hibdelθem'' | | ''hibdelθem'' | ||
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| ''wêbdelθe'' | | ''wêbdelθe'' | ||
| ''wêbdel'' | | ''wêbdel'' | ||
| '' | | ''wêbdelō'' | ||
| ''wêbdelnu'' | | ''wêbdelnu'' | ||
| ''wêbdelθem'' | | ''wêbdelθem'' | ||
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| ''θabdīl'' | | ''θabdīl'' | ||
| ''θabdīlī'' | | ''θabdīlī'' | ||
| '' | | ''jabdīl'' | ||
| ''θabdīl'' | | ''θabdīl'' | ||
| ''nabdīl'' | | ''nabdīl'' | ||
| ''θabdīlū'' | | ''θabdīlū'' | ||
| ''θabdelna'' | | ''θabdelna'' | ||
| '' | | ''jabdīlū'' | ||
| ''θabdelna'' | | ''θabdelna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! preterite indep. | ! preterite indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wôθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | ||
| '' | | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū'' | ||
| ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! preterite dep. | ! preterite dep. | ||
| '' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi'' | ||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | ||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | ||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| '' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō'' | ||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu'' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu'' | ||
| ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indep. | ! present indep. | ||
| '' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi'' | ||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa'' | ||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe'' | ||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| '' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō'' | ||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu'' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu'' | ||
| ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem'' | ||
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| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī'' | ||
| '' | | ''jiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
| ''niθnaᴋᴋim'' | | ''niθnaᴋᴋim'' | ||
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|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Object suffixes==== | ||
*1sg: -ni | |||
*2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f) | |||
*3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f) | |||
*1pl: -nu | |||
*2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f) | |||
*3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f) | |||
====Gzarot==== | ====Gzarot==== | ||
:''Main article: [[Ancient | :''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]'' | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
*jūδ = direct object marker | |||
*li- = to, for, of | *li- = to, for, of | ||
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.) | *pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.) | ||
* | *tum la- = like, as | ||
*miC- = from | *miC- = from | ||
* | *ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.) | ||
*wēn = without | *wēn = without | ||
* | *jaȝn = because of | ||
*ȝalē = on | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
* | *xa- = and ('like' > 'and') | ||
* | *ja3n = because | ||
==Syntax== | |||
Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew). | |||
===Tense constructions=== | ===Tense constructions=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | ||
*Pluperfect: '' | *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | ||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | ||
*Past imperfect: '' | *Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect | ||
*Present: imperfect or waw-stative | *Present: imperfect or waw-stative | ||
*Future imperfective: '' | **Jussive uses the present dependent | ||
*Future perfective: '' | *Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect | ||
*Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation) | |||
*As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present. | *As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent. | ||
===Uses of the infinitive construct=== | ===Uses of the infinitive construct=== | ||
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained: | Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained: | ||
#la + IC may be used to indicate purpose | #la + IC may be used to indicate purpose | ||
#there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used | #there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used | ||
#ba- or | #ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..." | ||
# | #more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕīl hiwwasivū laθ-θessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight' | ||
===Narratives=== | ===Narratives=== | ||
A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info). | As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info). | ||
Hypothetical example: | Hypothetical example: | ||
:''''' | :'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.''''' | ||
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.'' | :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.'' | ||
===Wishes=== | ===Wishes=== | ||
Wishes and prayers use a form of | Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'. | ||
:''''' | :'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.''''' | ||
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | ||
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī | A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...). | ||
One can also simply use the present dependent. | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages. | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
====Mishkalim==== | ====Mishkalim==== | ||
* | *ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words | ||
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality) | *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern | ||
*feminine segolates: | *ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern | ||
* | *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality) | ||
* | *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ | ||
* | *ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness') | ||
*ᴋaᴛalᴛal( | *ᴋaᴛilō | ||
*meᴋᴛal( | *ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance') | ||
*maᴋᴛel( | *ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive | ||
* | *meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place | ||
*meᴋᴛul( | *maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument | ||
* | *meᴋᴛūl | ||
* | *meᴋᴛul(ō) | ||
* | *θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō | ||
*ᴋaᴛᴛal( | *ᴋaᴛlūn | ||
* | *ᴋiᴛᴛalūn | ||
* | *ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive | ||
* | *ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease | ||
* | *ᴋaᴛᴛulō | ||
*θaᴋᴛelō | |||
*θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of | |||
====Affixes==== | ====Affixes==== | ||
*''-î'' (feminine ''- | *''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix | ||
*''- | *''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix | ||
*''hī-'': un-, non- | *''hī-'': un-, non- | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===An incantation=== | ===An incantation=== | ||
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient | The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line): | ||
[...] | [...] | ||
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===A ritual=== | ===A ritual=== | ||
===An excerpt=== | ===An excerpt=== | ||
=== Ha'azinu === | |||
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns | |||
<poem> | |||
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî. | |||
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal, | |||
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb. | |||
</poem> | |||
==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
===h=== | ===h=== | ||
*'' | *''hōbō'' = love | ||
*'' | *''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami'' | ||
*'' | *''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree | ||
*''hinni'' = but | *''hinni'' = but | ||
=== | ===b=== | ||
=== | *''bēt'' = house | ||
=== | |||
===g=== | |||
===d=== | |||
===w=== | ===w=== | ||
===z=== | ===z=== | ||
*'' | *''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription) | ||
*'' | *''zaruħō'' = radiance | ||
===ħ=== | ===ħ=== | ||
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative) | |||
*''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace | |||
*''ħawō'' = to live | |||
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta) | |||
===ᴛ=== | ===ᴛ=== | ||
===j=== | ===j=== | ||
=== | ===k=== | ||
*'' | *k-b-d | ||
**''kabed'' 'liver' | |||
**''kabid'' 'heavy' | |||
**''kabūd'' 'honor' | |||
**''kibbid'' 'to honor' | |||
**''kabudō'' 'esteemed position' | |||
***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am' | |||
**''makped'' 'scale, balance' | |||
*''kin, ka-'' 'and' | |||
===l=== | ===l=== | ||
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===n=== | ===n=== | ||
*n-ᴛ-f | *n-ᴛ-f | ||
**'' | **''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH) | ||
===s=== | ===s=== | ||
===ȝ=== | ===ȝ=== | ||
*'' | *''ȝarábō'' = willow | ||
=== | ===p=== | ||
*'' | *''párrō'' = cow | ||
===c=== | ===c=== | ||
===ᴋ=== | ===ᴋ=== | ||
===r=== | ===r=== | ||
*'' | *''rimmūn'' = pomegranate | ||
=== | |||
===t=== | |||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |
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