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Middle Ru: Difference between revisions
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<p>Voiced fricatives (aside from /ɮ/, which shall be discussed later) are also an innovation in Middle Ru. They may arise sporadically from their voiceless counterparts (uvular /χ/ in the case of pharyngeal /ʕ/) in the vecinity of other voiced consonants (as in PRH <em>bʷuh</em>, 'to stir', to MR <em>buʕ</em>, 'to mix') or in the same contexts that cause plosives to become ejective (PRH <em>xʷoʕn</em>, 'town', to MR <em>ɣen</em>, both meaning 'town'; PRH <em>ʔaʔxa</em> to MR <em>áɣa</em>, both meaning 'land'). Any instances which could result in a voiced /f/ yield an approximant <em>v</em> /w/ instead: PRH <em>muʕf</em> 'to breathe', MR <em>myv</em>, 'to live'. Evidence indicates that in early Middle Ru (and possibly later in some dialectal pronunciations) these instances of Middle Ru <em>v</em> might have been realized as [v], contrasting with the phoneme /w/ as inherited from other sources (such as Proto Ru-Hulam /w/). The two sounds, however, had been fully merged in the Cadarmeni standard.</p> | <p>Voiced fricatives (aside from /ɮ/, which shall be discussed later) are also an innovation in Middle Ru. They may arise sporadically from their voiceless counterparts (uvular /χ/ in the case of pharyngeal /ʕ/) in the vecinity of other voiced consonants (as in PRH <em>bʷuh</em>, 'to stir', to MR <em>buʕ</em>, 'to mix') or in the same contexts that cause plosives to become ejective (PRH <em>xʷoʕn</em>, 'town', to MR <em>ɣen</em>, both meaning 'town'; PRH <em>ʔaʔxa</em> to MR <em>áɣa</em>, both meaning 'land'). Any instances which could result in a voiced /f/ yield an approximant <em>v</em> /w/ instead: PRH <em>muʕf</em> 'to breathe', MR <em>myv</em>, 'to live'. Evidence indicates that in early Middle Ru (and possibly later in some dialectal pronunciations) these instances of Middle Ru <em>v</em> might have been realized as [v], contrasting with the phoneme /w/ as inherited from other sources (such as Proto Ru-Hulam /w/). The two sounds, however, had been fully merged in the Cadarmeni standard.</p> | ||
<p>Unlike Middle Ru, Proto Ru-Hulam featured two lateral fricatives: voiceless /ɬ/ and | <p>Unlike Middle Ru, Proto Ru-Hulam featured two lateral fricatives: voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ɮ/ (the latter often transcribed as a non-ligated <em>lʒ</em> for the sake of convenience) in addition to the lateral approximant /l/. Voiceless <em><b>ɬ</b></em> commonly merged into /l/, especially in coda-position, but could also yield palatal /ʎ/ near front vowels. For instance, the verb 'to give', <em>ʎu</em> (with an earlier variant <em>ʎi</em>), comes from PRH <em>ɬi</em>.On the other hand, the voiced lateral fricative <em><b>lʒ</b></em> would most commonly evolve into <em>z</em> /z/ (PRH <em>kaʔlʒ</em>, 'to slide', to MR <em>c'az</em>, 'to move forward') or <em>ž</em> /ʒ/ if in the vecinity of a front vowel: PRH <em>ʔilʒ</em>, 'to summon', yields the causative prefix <em>ižy-</em> (harmonized to <em>užw-</em> in dark-harmony words). Proto Ru-Hulam laterals did not contrast labialization, atlhough vowels in the vecinity of PRH /l/ will often evolve as if next to a labialized consonant: PRH <em>lam</em> yields MR <em>låm</em> (both meaning silver</em>, with a back rounded <em>å</em>).</p> | ||
<p>Middle Ru's three non-lateral approximants <em>r</em> /ɹ/, <em>j</em> /j/ and <em>v</em> /w/ correspond to Proto Ru-Hulam's approximants <em>r</em> (and <em>rʷ</em>; probably flaps /ɾ/ and /ɾʷ/), <em>y</em> /j/ and <em>w</em> /w/, except for instance of Middle Ru <em>v</em> which evolved as a voiced counterpart to <em>f</em>. Proto Ru-Hulam rhotic approximants contrasted labialization while <em>y</em> and <em>w</em> did not.</p> | <p>Middle Ru's three non-lateral approximants <em>r</em> /ɹ/, <em>j</em> /j/ and <em>v</em> /w/ correspond to Proto Ru-Hulam's approximants <em>r</em> (and <em>rʷ</em>; probably flaps /ɾ/ and /ɾʷ/), <em>y</em> /j/ and <em>w</em> /w/, except for instance of Middle Ru <em>v</em> which evolved as a voiced counterpart to <em>f</em>. Proto Ru-Hulam rhotic approximants contrasted labialization while <em>y</em> and <em>w</em> did not.</p> | ||