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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = *hak-kana3nījō | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = [[ | |setting = [[Verse:Irta]] | ||
|name = Ancient | |name = Ancient Knench | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
|states = | |states = | ||
|speakers = | |speakers = | ||
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|fam2=Semitic | |fam2=Semitic | ||
|fam3=Central Semitic | |fam3=Central Semitic | ||
|fam4 | |fam4=Canaanite | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ancient | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | ||
Surviving literature in Ancient | Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different). | ||
Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations. | |||
(Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage) | |||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
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*Vowel reduction: | *Vowel reduction: | ||
**final originally unstressed long > short | **final originally unstressed long > short | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script, and sometimed used a native invented vocalization system. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | ||
Since Ancient | Since Ancient Knench merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''haC-''. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient | Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged: | ||
* /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | * /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/ | ||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | ||
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* /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | * /s/ and /š/ into /s/ | ||
/m p b n t d t(phar) ts s(retracted) ts(phar) ɬ (Philly L) ħ k g q l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b n t d ᴛ z s c ś ȝ ħ k g ᴋ l w y r h''}} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' > ''ū'', similar to our timeline's Punic and Irta's Tsarfati Hebrew, and developed a new ''ā'' from compensatory lengthening. | |||
'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/ | |||
'''a | Minimal pairs and triples for overlong vowels in Ancient Knench: | ||
* ''malkō'' 'a queen', ''malkô'' 'her king' | |||
* ''suprī'' 'count! (f.sg.)', ''suprî'' 'literary, written' | |||
* ''harbi!'' 'do something a lot! (m.sg.)' ''harbī!'' 'ibid., f.sg.' ''harbî'' 'numerous' | |||
* ''dammim'' 'bleed!', ''dammīm'' 'bloodshed', ''dammîm'' 'bloody, of or like blood (masculine plural)' | |||
* ''bētū'' 'his house', ''bētû'' 'his houses' | |||
* ''rū3ē'' 'the evils of', ''rū3ê'' 'the friends of' | |||
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/) | Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/) | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
==Morphophonology== | ==Morphophonology== | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Independent==== | ====Independent==== | ||
*1sg: ''hani, ni'' | *1sg: ''hani, ni'' | ||
*2sg: '' | *2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f) | ||
*3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f) | *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f) | ||
*1pl: ''haħnu'' | *1pl: ''haħnu'' | ||
*2pl: '' | *2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f) | ||
*3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f) | *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f) | ||
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The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''. | The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''. | ||
Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*- | Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | ||
Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''. | ||
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | ||
====Other inflections==== | ====Other inflections==== | ||
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todo: get rid of 3fp forms | todo: get rid of 3fp forms | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench. | ||
Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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*infinitive absolute | *infinitive absolute | ||
The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', '' | The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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====Gzarot==== | ====Gzarot==== | ||
:''Main article: [[Ancient | :''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]'' | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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*li- = to, for, of | *li- = to, for, of | ||
*pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.) | *pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.) | ||
* | *tum la- = like, as | ||
*miC- = from | *miC- = from | ||
*ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.) | *ȝim, hiδ = with (comit.) | ||
*wēn = without | *wēn = without | ||
*jaȝn = because of | *jaȝn = because of | ||
*ȝalē = on | |||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
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*ja3n = because | *ja3n = because | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew). | ||
===Tense constructions=== | ===Tense constructions=== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not. | ||
*Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect | ||
*Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite | ||
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Hypothetical example: | Hypothetical example: | ||
:''''' | :'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.''''' | ||
:''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.'' | :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.'' | ||
===Wishes=== | ===Wishes=== | ||
Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'. | Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'. | ||
:''''' | :'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.''''' | ||
:''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.'' | ||
A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...). | A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...). | ||
One can also simply use the present dependent. | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Ancient | Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages. | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
====Mishkalim==== | ====Mishkalim==== | ||
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*ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern | *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern | ||
*ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern | *ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern | ||
*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. | *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality) | ||
*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ | *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ | ||
*ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness') | *ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness') | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===An incantation=== | ===An incantation=== | ||
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient | The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line): | ||
[...] | [...] | ||
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===A ritual=== | ===A ritual=== | ||
===An excerpt=== | ===An excerpt=== | ||
=== Ha'azinu === | |||
TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns | |||
<poem> | |||
hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî. | |||
tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal, | |||
dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb. | |||
</poem> | |||
==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
===h=== | ===h=== | ||
*'' | *''hōbō'' = love | ||
*''hilû'' (pl. '' | *''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami'' | ||
*''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree | *''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree | ||
*''hinni'' = but | *''hinni'' = but | ||
=== | ===b=== | ||
*'' | *''bēt'' = house | ||
=== | ===g=== | ||
=== | ===d=== | ||
===w=== | ===w=== | ||
===z=== | ===z=== | ||
*''zadō'' = | *''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription) | ||
*''zaruħō'' = radiance | *''zaruħō'' = radiance | ||
===ħ=== | ===ħ=== | ||
*''ħabab'' = to love (stative) | *''ħabab'' = to love (stative) | ||
*'' | *''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace | ||
*''ħawō'' = to live | |||
** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta) | |||
===ᴛ=== | ===ᴛ=== | ||
===j=== | ===j=== | ||
=== | ===k=== | ||
* | *k-b-d | ||
**'' | **''kabed'' 'liver' | ||
**'' | **''kabid'' 'heavy' | ||
**'' | **''kabūd'' 'honor' | ||
**'' | **''kibbid'' 'to honor' | ||
**'' | **''kabudō'' 'esteemed position' | ||
***'' | ***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am' | ||
**'' | **''makped'' 'scale, balance' | ||
*'' | *''kin, ka-'' 'and' | ||
===l=== | ===l=== | ||
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===ȝ=== | ===ȝ=== | ||
*''ȝarábō'' = willow | *''ȝarábō'' = willow | ||
=== | ===p=== | ||
*'' | *''párrō'' = cow | ||
===c=== | ===c=== | ||
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*''rimmūn'' = pomegranate | *''rimmūn'' = pomegranate | ||
=== | ===t=== | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |
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