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|pronunciation= | |pronunciation= | ||
|familycolor=dodellic | |familycolor=dodellic | ||
|fam1=[[ | |fam1=[[Idavic]] | ||
|setting = [[Verse: | |fam2=[[Netagic]] | ||
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]] | |||
|iso3= | |iso3= | ||
|notice= | |notice= | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired | '''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin. | ||
Netagin | Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features: | ||
*Preglottalization | |||
*Large vowel system | |||
*Historical non-rhoticity | |||
*Verb-initial syntax | |||
*Split-ergativity | |||
==Todo== | |||
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)? | |||
yubmă = aroma | |||
Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?) | |||
==About== | ==About== | ||
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===Internal history=== | ===Internal history=== | ||
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, | Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]). | ||
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality. | Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality. | ||
===Internal² history=== | ===Internal² history=== | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" |Front | |||
! colspan="2" |Central | |||
! rowspan="2" |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small> | |||
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/ | |||
| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/ | |||
| '''uı''' /ʉ/ | |||
| '''u''' /u/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close-mid | |||
| '''i, eı''' /e/ | |||
| '''ă''' /ə/ | |||
| '''oı''' /ɵ/ | |||
| '''o''' /o/ | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| '''e''' /ɛ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| '''aı, äı''' /æ/ | |||
| | |||
| '''ä''' /a/ | |||
| '''a''' /ɒ/ | |||
|} | |||
The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/. | |||
====Umlaut==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!normal | |||
|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa | |||
|- | |||
!umlauted | |||
|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı | |||
|} | |||
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa | |||
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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**n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/ | **n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/ | ||
*Stops: | *Stops: | ||
**p hp hpp b hb hbb f /pʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b hp hːp v~f/ | **p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/ | ||
**t ht htt d hd hdd th /tʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d ht hːt ð~θ/ | **t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/ | ||
**ț hț hțț ḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz hts hːts z/ | **ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/ | ||
**c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/ | **c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/ | ||
**ξ hξ hξξ λ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ hːtɬ l/ | **ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/ | ||
**c hc hcc g hg hgg /kʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g hk hːk | **c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/ | ||
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/ | *Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/ | ||
*Other resonants: | *Other resonants: | ||
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**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/ | **w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/ | ||
The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto- | The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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===Gradation=== | ===Gradation=== | ||
There are | There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone. | ||
====Simple consonants==== | ====Simple consonants==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' | ||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc | || ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc | || ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr'' || ''gyy'' || ''gww''--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Historical geminates==== | ||
Geminates | Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc | || ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong--> | ||
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc | || ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/) | || PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub> | || P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X | || P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X | || P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/ | *R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/ | ||
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*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/ | *F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/ | ||
*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade | *C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade | ||
*C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent | |||
====Stop-obstruent clusters==== | ====Stop-obstruent clusters==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc | || ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong | ||
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../ || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc | || ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../ || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | !style="width: 100px;"|Overlong | ||
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg'' /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../ | || ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg'' /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Sibilant-stop clusters==== | ====Sibilant-stop clusters==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak | !style="width: 100px;"|Weak | ||
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc | || ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong | !style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong--> | ||
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc | || ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian. | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. | Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive. | ||
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''. | Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''. | ||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale' | |||
|- | |||
! case | |||
! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/ | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone' | |||
|- | |||
! case | |||
! singular !! plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/ | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/ | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Declension=== | |||
====Possessive markers==== | ====Possessive markers==== | ||
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case. | Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case. | ||
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*3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i) | *3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i) | ||
*1d ''c̦ualăjăf'' | *1d ''c̦ualăjăf'' | ||
*2d '' | *2d ''c̦uallănif'' | ||
*3d '' | *3d ''c̦uallăf'' | ||
*1p ''c̦ualăģ'' | *1p ''c̦ualăģ'' | ||
*2p ''c̦ualni'' | *2p ''c̦ualni'' | ||
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*3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i) | *3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i) | ||
*1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf'' | *1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf'' | ||
*2d '' | *2d ''c̦ualăgănif'' | ||
*3d '' | *3d ''c̦ualăgăf'' | ||
*1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ'' | *1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ'' | ||
*2p '' | *2p ''c̦ualăgăni'' | ||
*3p ''c̦ualăgăs'' | *3p ''c̦ualăgăs'' | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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*3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i) | *3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i) | ||
*1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf'' | *1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf'' | ||
*2d '' | *2d ''c̦ualăthănif'' | ||
*3d '' | *3d ''c̦ualăthăf'' | ||
*1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ'' | *1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ'' | ||
*2p ''c̦ualăthăni'' | *2p ''c̦ualăthăni'' | ||
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*3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i) | *3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i) | ||
*1d ''c̦ualujăf'' | *1d ''c̦ualujăf'' | ||
*2d '' | *2d ''c̦uallunif'' | ||
*3d '' | *3d ''c̦ualluf'' | ||
*1p ''c̦ualuģ'' | *1p ''c̦ualuģ'' | ||
*2p '' | *2p ''c̦ualluni'' | ||
*3p ''c̦uallus'' | *3p ''c̦uallus'' | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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*3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i) | *3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i) | ||
*1d ''c̦ualugăjăf'' | *1d ''c̦ualugăjăf'' | ||
*2d '' | *2d ''c̦ualuhcănif'' | ||
*3d '' | *3d ''c̦ualuhcăf'' | ||
*1p ''c̦ualugăģ'' | *1p ''c̦ualugăģ'' | ||
*2p '' | *2p ''c̦ualuhcăni'' | ||
*3p ''c̦ualuhcăs'' | *3p ''c̦ualuhcăs'' | ||
{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
animate: | animate: | ||
*nominative: | *nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/, qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan | ||
*genitive: qoathbă / | *genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/, qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii | ||
inanimate | inanimate | ||
*nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- * | *nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa | ||
*genitive: qoathb, | *genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
====Independent pronouns==== | ====Independent pronouns==== | ||
====Pronominal suffixes==== | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in | |||
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative. | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Suffixes and stem changes==== | |||
====Class 1==== | |||
====Class 2==== | |||
====Class 3==== | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Shalaian as major loan source? | Shalaian as major loan source? | ||
[[Category:Idavic languages]] |
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