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====Relative tenses==== | |||
When time needs to be indicated, it is most often done by means of a verbal indicating a "relative tense" (aspect). These are relative to a contextually understood time in question, the "reference time". The three basic "relative tense" markers are ... | When time needs to be indicated, it is most often done by means of a verbal indicating a "relative tense" (aspect). These are relative to a contextually understood time in question, the "reference time". The three basic "relative tense" markers are ... | ||
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====Absolute tenses==== | |||
The prefix '''e-''' attached to the beginning of any of these aspect markers creates an absolute tense marker. The '''e-''' sets the reference time to the current moment in which the utterance is made. This is usually only used to disambiguate or to emphasise a time frame. | The prefix '''e-''' attached to the beginning of any of these aspect markers creates an absolute tense marker. The '''e-''' sets the reference time to the current moment in which the utterance is made. This is usually only used to disambiguate or to emphasise a time frame. | ||
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====Continuation==== | |||
There are also compounds formed from two time words that indicate continuation from one time frame to another using a linking ''-e-''. This linking ''-e-'' is probably not related to the ''e-'' of absolute temporal reference, but to the ''e-'' prefix of dative case nominals and the derivation prefix ''e-'' that can be added to verbals indicating motion towards something. | There are also compounds formed from two time words that indicate continuation from one time frame to another using a linking ''-e-''. This linking ''-e-'' is probably not related to the ''e-'' of absolute temporal reference, but to the ''e-'' prefix of dative case nominals and the derivation prefix ''e-'' that can be added to verbals indicating motion towards something. | ||
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*'''ezueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action that starts in the present and will continue into the future. | *'''ezueka''' (PROG-PROS), indicating an action that starts in the present and will continue into the future. | ||
====Perfective and imperfective==== | |||
In addition, the word '''bie''' contrasts with '''zo'''. Whereas '''zo''' specifies that an action is underway at the reference time, essentially taking a "snapshot" of the interior of an action, after its beginning and before its completion, '''bie''' specifies perfectivity, metaphorically painting a picture of the whole completed action without permitting a look inside. On its own, it does not specify whether the completed action occurs before or after the reference time, but it does explicitly specify that the action is ''not'' underway at the reference time. | In addition, the word '''bie''' contrasts with '''zo'''. Whereas '''zo''' specifies that an action is underway at the reference time, essentially taking a "snapshot" of the interior of an action, after its beginning and before its completion, '''bie''' specifies perfectivity, metaphorically painting a picture of the whole completed action without permitting a look inside. On its own, it does not specify whether the completed action occurs before or after the reference time, but it does explicitly specify that the action is ''not'' underway at the reference time. | ||
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The reduplicated forms '''zozo''' ('these days', 'in those days') and '''ezozo''' ('these days') do not appear in the above table as they indicate a loosening of the bounds of the reference time or current time. The reference or current time can be tightened or emphasised with '''bazo''' ('right now', 'right then', 'at that/this very moment') or '''ebazo''' ('right now', 'at this very moment'). | The reduplicated forms '''zozo''' ('these days', 'in those days') and '''ezozo''' ('these days') do not appear in the above table as they indicate a loosening of the bounds of the reference time or current time. The reference or current time can be tightened or emphasised with '''bazo''' ('right now', 'right then', 'at that/this very moment') or '''ebazo''' ('right now', 'at this very moment'). | ||
====Resultative perfect==== | |||
The word '''bue''' indicates a ''resultative perfect'', functioning similarly to '''ti''' in that it describes an action occurring prior to the reference time, however the focus of '''bue''' is not on the action itself, but on the resulting post-action state at the reference time. | The word '''bue''' indicates a ''resultative perfect'', functioning similarly to '''ti''' in that it describes an action occurring prior to the reference time, however the focus of '''bue''' is not on the action itself, but on the resulting post-action state at the reference time. | ||
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'''Bue''' is frequently prefixed to the following word (for example ''buekaxa'' instead of ''bue kaxa''). Its passive equivalent '''hi-''' is always prefixed. | '''Bue''' is frequently prefixed to the following word (for example ''buekaxa'' instead of ''bue kaxa''). Its passive equivalent '''hi-''' is always prefixed. | ||
====Time word stacking==== | |||
More than one time word can be used together. | More than one time word can be used together. | ||
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====Distance from reference time==== | |||
The distance from the time | The distance from the reference time can be indicated by adding time specifiers after the tense or aspect marker and then introducing the rest of the sentence with '''to'''. The forms with '''e-''' indicate distance from the present ('''eti''' "ago", '''etiezo''' "for", '''eka''' "in") while the forms without '''e-''' may indicate distance from the reference time ('''ti''' "before", '''ka''' "later"). | ||
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====Miscellaneous time words==== | |||
There are a range of other verbals which indicate time in a similar way. Here are some examples. | There are a range of other verbals which indicate time in a similar way. Here are some examples. | ||