Iliaqu: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
472 bytes added ,  9 May 2020
m
Line 404: Line 404:


=====Clusivity=====
=====Clusivity=====
The plural forms of all pronominals are exclusive of other grammatical persons except for the first person plural forms '''inu''' and '''ina''', which can include third person referents as well, especially when expressing closeness.  
The plural forms of all the basic pronominals are exclusive of other grammatical persons except for the first person plural forms '''inu''' and '''ina''', which can include third person referents as well, especially when expressing closeness.  


In order to group referents from more than one grammatical person together, the required pronominals are juxtaposed. For example, '''inu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS) is the exclusive 'we'. The inclusive 'we' may take a form such as '''vu nu''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ICS NOM.1s.ICS) or '''nu ivu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS NOM.2p.ICS), more or less equivalent to 'you and I'. Even addressing people in the second person, should the group include third persons, these are made note of separately, for example '''ju vu''' (gloss: NOM.3s.ICS.DEF NOM.2s.ICS). The nominal '''ivu''' (gloss: NOM.2p.ICS), for example, is only used to address two or more people when all are present.  
The first person inclusive (second plus first persons) may be indicated by compound pronominals, the dual forms ("you, one person, and I") being '''uana''', '''uanu''', '''vuna''', '''vunu''' and the plural forms being '''iuana''', '''iuanu''', '''ivuna''', '''ivunu'''. Which of the four options is used depends on [[#accessibility|accessibility]]. These compound forms are not used universally and many speakers use juxtaposition of pronouns, such as '''vu nu''' instead of '''vunu''' or '''iua na''' or '''iua ina''' instead of '''iuana'''.


The order of the elements in these juxtapositions depends first on [[Ngolu#Social_Stratification_and_Language_Use|rank]], with pronominals referring to higher ranking referents appearing before those of lower ranking referents. When the referents are equally ranked, 2nd person precedes third person, which, in turn, preceds first person.
Even addressing people in the second person, should the group include third persons who are not being addressed, many speakers will make note of these separately, for example '''ju vu''' (gloss: NOM.3s.ICS.DEF NOM.2s.ICS) and this is somewhat prescriptively enforced. The nominal '''ivu''' (gloss: NOM.2p.ICS), for example, is recommended only for use to address two or more people when all are present or when the message is at the very least expected to be passed onto those who are not present. 
 
The order of the elements in these juxtapositions depends first on [[Ngolu#Social_Stratification_and_Language_Use|rank]], with pronominals referring to higher ranking referents appearing before those of lower ranking referents. When the referents are equally ranked, 2nd person precedes third person, which, in turn, preceds first person. The compound 2nd+1st person pronouns are not subject to this ordering rule.


Nominal juxtapositions are characterised by all pronominals being inflected in the same [[Ngolu#Case|case]]. For example, the nominative '''ua na''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ACS NOM.1s.ACS) becomes '''eues ene''' in the dative and '''uua una''' in the possessive.
Nominal juxtapositions are characterised by all pronominals being inflected in the same [[Ngolu#Case|case]]. For example, the nominative '''ua na''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ACS NOM.1s.ACS) becomes '''eues ene''' in the dative and '''uua una''' in the possessive.
577

edits

Navigation menu