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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→Orthography
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The orthography of Valthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions: | The orthography of Valthungian is quite regular to its phonology; indeed, there are very few exceptions: | ||
# The letter | # The letter 〈n〉 is used before 〈g〉 or 〈k〉 to indicate the velar nasal [ŋ]. Specifically, 〈ng〉 is [ŋg] and 〈nk〉 is [ŋk]. (E.g. ''drinkna'' [driŋk.na] ‘to drink’.) | ||
# In combinations where | # In combinations where 〈ng〉 is followed by another nasal consonant, [g] is elided in speech: 〈ngm〉 is [ŋm] and 〈ngn〉 is [ŋn]. (E.g. ''gangna'' [gaŋ.na] ‘to go’; not **[gaŋg.na].) In rapid speech this may also occur to the other nasal-stop combinations 〈mbn〉, 〈mbm〉, 〈ndm〉, and 〈ndn〉; sometimes the stop may also become glottal. | ||
# The combination | # The combination 〈rju〉 is realized as [rɛu̯] (rather than the expected [rju]). (E.g. ''frjusna'' [frɛu̯s.na] ‘to freeze’.) | ||
# The diphthong | # The diphthong 〈eu〉 is realized as [ɛu̯] (rather than the expected [e̞u̯]). (E.g. ''sneugna'' [snɛu̯g.na] ‘to snow’.) | ||
# The diphthong | # The diphthong 〈œu〉 is realized as [œy̑] (rather than the expected [ø̞u̯]). | ||
# For some speakers, word-final | # For some speakers, word-final 〈þs〉 may be realized as [t̪s]. | ||
# For some speakers, medial | # For some speakers, medial 〈tl〉 (usually derived from earlier /ll/) may be realized as [dɮ]. | ||
Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent only if: | Stress is indicated in the standard orthography with an acute accent only if: | ||
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# The stressed vowel is short. | # The stressed vowel is short. | ||
#: (All unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period.) | #: (All unstressed long vowels were reduced to short vowels in the [[Middle Valthungian]] period.) | ||
# The stressed vowel is not | # The stressed vowel is not 〈œ〉 or 〈y〉. | ||
#: (The rounded front vowels can only occur as the result of i-umlaut, which could only arise from a stressed vowel.) | #: (The rounded front vowels can only occur as the result of i-umlaut, which could only arise from a stressed vowel.) | ||
For example, ''ferg'''ú'''ne'' ‘mountain’, ''župst'''é'''nǧin'' 'to set upright'; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or '' | For example, ''ferg'''ú'''ne'' ‘mountain’, ''župst'''é'''nǧin'' 'to set upright'; but ''gar'''ǣ'''ts'' ‘correct’ or ''gav'''œ'''rčin'' ‘to handle’. | ||
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* '''Articles''' | * '''Articles''' | ||
** Mandatory: | ** Mandatory: | ||
*** sā, | *** sā, huā, tuā + a-, ā- → s·ā-, hu·ā-, tu·ā- | ||
**** ''sā aplas'' → '' | **** ''sā aplas'' → ''s·āplas'', ‘the apple’ | ||
**** '' | **** ''tuā aðna'' → ''tu’āðna'' ‘two seasons’ | ||
*** sō, þō, hō + u-, ō- → | *** sō, þō, hō + u-, ō- → s·ō-, þ·ō-, h·ō- | ||
**** ''sō uréča'' → '' | **** ''sō uréča'' → ''s·ōréča'', ‘the persuit’ | ||
**** ''sō ōs'' → '' | **** ''sō ōs'' → ''s·ōs'', ‘the ewe’ | ||
*** þǣ, | *** þǣ, tuǣ + e-, ǣ- → þ·ǣ-, tu·ǣ- | ||
**** ''þǣ ǣjus'' → '' | **** ''þǣ ǣjus'' → ''þ·ǣjus'' ‘the horses’ | ||
**** '' | **** ''tuǣ elis'' → ''tu·ǣlis'' ‘two others’ | ||
*** nī, þrī, hī + i-, ī- → | *** nī, þrī, hī + i-, ī- → n·ī-, þr·ī-, h·ī- | ||
**** ''nī ist'' → '' | **** ''nī ist'' → ''n·īst'', ‘isn’t’ | ||
**** ''hī īsran'' → '' | **** ''hī īsran'' → ''h·īsran'' ‘this iron’ | ||
** Optional: | ** Optional: | ||
***sō, þō + V- → | ***sō, þō + V- → su·V-, þu·V- | ||
**** ''sō akuže, | **** ''sō akuže, su·akuže'' ‘the axe’ | ||
**** ''þō ī, | **** ''þō ī, þu·ī'' ‘those which’ | ||
<!--===Alternative Writing Systems=== | <!--===Alternative Writing Systems=== | ||