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SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | ||
== Indefinite Paradigm: == | == Indefinite Paradigm: == | ||
=== Adjectives in the attributive position. === | |||
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br> | In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br> | ||
Neuter gender nouns take a -t ending. <br> | Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. <br> | ||
Plural nouns take a -e ending.<br> | Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.<br> | ||
Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br> | Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br> | ||
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Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br> | Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br> | ||
=== Adjectives in the predicative position. === | |||
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br> | In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br> | ||
Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''<br> | |||
Neuter definite: Huset er stort. = The house is big.<br> | |||
Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er sjukt. = A child is sick.<br> | Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''<br> | ||
Common definite: Jätten er vred = The giant is angry.<br> | Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''<br> | ||
Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre farlig = A gun could be dangerous.<br> | Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''<br> | ||
Plural definite: Bilerne var billige. The cars were cheap.<br> | Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''<br> | ||
Plural indefinite: Fisker er glatte. = Fish are slippery.<br> | Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''<br> | ||
== Definite Paradigm: == | == Definite Paradigm: == | ||
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Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle. | Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle. | ||
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords. | Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords. | ||
Comparative | == Comparative == | ||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este. | Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este. | ||
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. | The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. | ||
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker. | Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker. | ||
Vredere jätter = angrier giants. | Vredere jätter = angrier giants. | ||
Superlative | == Superlative == | ||
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. | The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. | ||
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns. | In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns. | ||
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For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. | For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. | ||
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst | Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst | ||
Past participle of verbs used as adjectives | == Past participle of verbs used as adjectives == | ||
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. | Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. | ||
Weak Verbs: | Weak Verbs: | ||
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Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes. | Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes. | ||
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account. | Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account. | ||
Adjectives ending in -en | == Adjectives ending in -en == | ||
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten) | e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten) | ||
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) | These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) | ||
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Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity | Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity | ||
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly. | De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly. | ||
Adjectives ending -d | == Adjectives ending -d == | ||
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent | eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent | ||
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede | Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede | ||
Adverbs from Adjectives | == Adverbs from Adjectives == | ||
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. | Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. | ||
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly. | Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly. | ||