SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions

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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.  
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.  
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br>
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br>
Neuter gender nouns take a -t ending. <br>
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. <br>
Plural nouns take a -e ending.<br>
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending.<br>
=== Examples of Adjectives in the attributive position.<br> ===


Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br>
Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br>
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Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br>
Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br>


=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br>
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br>


=== Examples of Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.''<br>
Neuter definite: Huset er stort. = The house is big.<br>


Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er sjukt. = A child is sick.<br>
Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.''<br>


Common definite: Jätten er vred = The giant is angry.<br>
Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.''<br>


Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre farlig = A gun could be dangerous.<br>
Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.''<br>


Plural definite:  Bilerne var billige. The cars were cheap.<br>
Plural definite:  Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.''<br>


Plural indefinite: Fisker er glatte. = Fish are slippery.<br>
Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.''<br>


== Definite Paradigm: ==
== Definite Paradigm: ==
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Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
Comparative
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
Superlative
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
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For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.  
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.  
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
Past participle of verbs used as adjectives
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Weak Verbs:
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Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
Adjectives ending in -en
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
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Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity  
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity  
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
Adjectives ending -d
== Adjectives ending -d ==
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
Adverbs from Adjectives
== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.  
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.  
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
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