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SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions
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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- | Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness. | ||
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension. | |||
== Indefinite Paradigm: == | |||
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br> | |||
Neuter gender nouns take a -t ending. <br> | |||
Plural nouns take a -e ending.<br> | |||
=== Examples of Adjectives in the attributive position.<br> === | |||
Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br> | |||
= | Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''<br> | ||
Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br> | |||
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br> | |||
=== Examples of Adjectives in the predicative position. === | |||
Neuter definite: Huset er stort. = The house is big.<br> | |||
Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er sjukt. = A child is sick.<br> | |||
= | Common definite: Jätten er vred = The giant is angry.<br> | ||
Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre farlig = A gun could be dangerous.<br> | |||
Plural definite: Bilerne var billige. The cars were cheap.<br> | |||
Plural indefinite: Fisker er glatte. = Fish are slippery.<br> | |||
== Definite Paradigm: == | |||
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners. | |||
When definite, all adjectives end in -e. | |||
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house | |||
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle. | |||
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords. | |||
Comparative | |||
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este. | |||
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. | |||
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker. | |||
Vredere jätter = angrier giants. | |||
Superlative | |||
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. | |||
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns. | |||
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest | |||
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest. | |||
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. | |||
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. | |||
Det störste hus = the biggest house | |||
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle | |||
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. | |||
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. | |||
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. | |||
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. | |||
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. | |||
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst | |||
Past participle of verbs used as adjectives | |||
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. | |||
Weak Verbs: | |||
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled) | |||
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te. | |||
Tendede ljus = lit candles, | |||
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense. | |||
Strong Verbs: | |||
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled) | |||
Indefinite Singular: | Indefinite Singular: | ||
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns | |||
The indefinite singular forms end in | En skoren potate. = a sliced potato | ||
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account. | |||
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. | |||
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple. | |||
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment. | |||
Indefinite plural and Definite: | Indefinite plural and Definite: | ||
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in | The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene. | ||
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes. | |||
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account. | |||
Adjectives ending in -en | |||
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten) | |||
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) | |||
Indefinite common end in -en. | |||
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey | |||
En open dör. = an open door. | |||
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato. | |||
Indefinite Neuter end in -et | |||
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal. | |||
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window. | |||
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple. | |||
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene. | |||
Galene dyr. = crazy animals. | |||
Det opene vindöge. = the open window. | |||
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes. | |||
Adverbs end in: -et | |||
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely. | |||
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity | |||
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly. | |||
Adjectives ending -d | |||
= | eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent | ||
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede | |||
Adverbs from Adjectives | |||
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. | |||
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly. | |||
There are some exceptions to this rule. | |||
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb | |||
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly | |||
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs. | |||
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly. | |||
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix. | |||
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly. | |||
Past Participles used as Adverbs. | |||
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively. | |||
This is the same as the supine. | |||
Adjectives ending -d | |||
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also. | |||
e.g. | |||
common | |||
eg | |||
Add | |||
add | |||