SamSkandinavisk adjectives: Difference between revisions

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Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form
Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.  
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. <br>
Neuter gender nouns take a -t ending. <br>
Plural nouns take a -e ending.<br>
=== Examples of Adjectives in the attributive position.<br> ===


Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.
Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree''<br>


=====Adverbs=====
Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.''<br>
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.


Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams''<br>


In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form.<br>


=== Examples of Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
Neuter definite: Huset er stort. = The house is big.<br>


Rules:
Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er sjukt. = A child is sick.<br>


=====Past participle of verb used as an adjective=====
Common definite: Jätten er vred = The giant is angry.<br>


Verbs have a past participle which can be used as an adjective that follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre farlig = A gun could be dangerous.<br>


Weak Verbs:
Plural definite: Bilerne var billige. The cars were cheap.<br>


Indefinite:
Plural indefinite: Fisker er glatte. = Fish are slippery.<br>
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb.
eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled)
 
Indefinite Plural and Definite
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''', or '''-te'''
These forms follow the form of the past tense of the weak form.
If the past tense ends in '''-(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''.
'''tendede''', '''aktiverede'''.
 
 
Strong Verbs eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)


== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
Comparative
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
Superlative
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
Past participle of verbs used as adjectives
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
Indefinite Singular:
 
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns  
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns eg '''skoren''', '''afbruten'''. With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
 
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.  
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:  
Indefinite plural and Definite:  
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene'''. eg '''skorene''', '''afbrutene'''.
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.  
 
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Past Participles as Adverbs
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
 
Adjectives ending in -en
Weak Verbs
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
 
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
'''-(e)t''' eg '''tendet''', '''aktiveret'''
Indefinite common end in -en.  
 
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey
 
En open dör. = an open door.
Strong Verbs:
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato.
 
Indefinite Neuter end in -et
-et eg '''skoret''', '''afbrutet'''
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal.
 
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window.
 
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple.
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene.  
=====Comparative=====
Galene dyr. = crazy animals.
 
Det opene vindöge. = the open window.
'''-ere'''
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes.
 
Adverbs end in: -et  
regardless of indefinite, definite any gender or number and as adverb.
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely.
 
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity
 
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
 
Adjectives ending -d
=====Superlative:=====
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
 
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
Indefinite singular:
Adverbs from Adjectives
 
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
'''-est''' for use with both common gender or neuter nouns
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
 
There are some exceptions to this rule.
 
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
 
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Indefinite Plural and Definite:
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
 
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
'''-este'''
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
 
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
 
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
 
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
Adverb:
This is the same as the supine.
 
Adjectives ending -d
'''-est'''
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.
 
 
 
=====Adjectives ending in -en=====
 
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open'''(open),'''rotten'''(rotten)
 
The behave like past participle adjectives (often these originally were)
 
common '''-en'''. ('''galen''',  '''open''', '''rotten''') Neuter -et ('''galen''', '''opet''', '''rottet''')
 
Indefintie plural and definite '''-ene'''. ('''galene''', '''opene''', '''rottene''')
 
Adverb: '''-et''' ('''galet''', '''opet''', '''rottet''')
 
 
 
=====Adjectives ending in '''-t'''=====
 
eg '''matt''' (tired), '''rett''' (right)
 
No need to change for adverb
 
No need to change for indefinite neuter
 
Add '''-e''' for indefinite plural and definite eg '''matte''', '''rette'''
 
 
 
=====Adjectives ending '''-d'''=====
 
eg '''bred''' (wide)
add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' > '''bredt'''. The '''d''' becomes silent
 
Add '''-e''' for definite. eg '''brede'''
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