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== | ==Regular verbs== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg | !colspan="3" | Subject affixes | ||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Present | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !| | ||
!style="width: 200px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 200px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !|1.ex | ||
|''mólīn, mólī(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irḗdain, irēdai(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́lein, gā́lei(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | |||
|''mólmaech, mólmaech-''<br/>''irēdámaech, irēdamaech-''<br/>''gā́lémaech, gā́lemaech-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólynse, mólynse-''<br/>''irēdánse, irēdanse-''<br/>''gā́lénse, gā́lense-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''mólyr, mólyr-''<br/>''irḗdar, irēdar-''<br/>''gā́ler, gā́ler-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólylse, mólylse-''<br/>''irēdálse, irēdalse-''<br/>''gā́lélse, gā́lelse-'' | ||
|'' | |- | ||
| | !|3.an | ||
|''mólym, mólm-''<br/>''irḗdam, irēdam-''<br/>''gā́lem, gā́lem-'' | |||
|''mólyri, mólyrie-''<br/>''irēdári, irēdarie-''<br/>''gā́léri, gā́lerie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|3.other | |||
|''mólis, mólisi-''<br/>''irḗdais, irēdaisi-''<br/>''gā́leis, gā́leisi-'' | |||
|''mólti, móltie-''<br/>''irēdáti, irēdatie-''<br/>''gā́léti, gā́letie-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperfect | |||
|- | |||
|colspan="3"|''Add the ''yn-'' prefix to the present forms.'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="3" | Preterite | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !| | ||
!style="width: | !style="width: 125px; "|Singular | ||
!style="width: | !style="width: 125px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''mólýn, mólýn-''<br/>''irēdán, irēdán-''<br/>''gā́lén, gā́lén-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólmor, mólmor-''<br/>''irēdámor, irēdamor-''<br/>''gā́lémor, gā́lemor-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''móltor, móltor-''<br/>''irēdátor, irēdator-''<br/>''gā́létor, gā́letor-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''mólýr, mólýr-''<br/>''irēdár, irēdár-''<br/>''gā́lér, gā́lér-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólylis, mólylis-''<br/>''irēdális, irēdalis-''<br/>''gā́lélis, gā́lelis-'' | ||
|'' | |- | ||
!|3.an | |||
|''móla, mólam-''<br/>''irḗdā, irḗdām-''<br/>''gā́lea, gā́leam-'' | |||
|''mólarí, mólaríe-''<br/>''irēdārí, irēdāríe-''<br/>''gā́learí, gā́learíe-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3 | !|3.other | ||
|'' | |''mólar, mólar-''<br/>''irḗdār, irḗdār-''<br/>''gā́lear, gā́lear-'' | ||
|''mólatí, mólatíe-''<br/>''irēdātí, irēdātíe-''<br/>''gā́leatí, gā́leatíe-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !colspan="3" | Future | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !| | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: | !style="width: 125px; "|Plural | ||
!style="width: | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''mólḗn, mólḗn-''<br/>''irēdā́n, irēdā́n-''<br/>''gā́líen, gā́líen-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólḗmaech, mólḗmaech-''<br/>''irēdā́maech, irēdā́maech-''<br/>''gā́líemaech, gā́líemaech-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólḗnse, mólḗnse-''<br/>''irēdā́nse, irēdā́nse-''<br/>''gā́líense, gā́líense-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''mólḗr, mólḗr-''<br/>''irēdā́r, irēdā́r-''<br/>''gā́líer, gā́líer-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólḗlse, mólḗlse-''<br/>''irēdā́lse, irēdā́lse-''<br/>''gā́líelse, gā́líelse-'' | ||
|'' | |- | ||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólḗm, mólḗm-''<br/>''irēdā́m, irēdā́m-''<br/>''gā́líem, gā́líem-'' | |||
|''mólḗri, mólḗri-''<br/>''irēdā́ri, irēdā́ri-''<br/>''gā́líeri, gā́líeri-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3 | !|3.other | ||
|'' | |''mólḗsi, mólḗsi-''<br/>''irēdā́si, irēdā́si-''<br/>''gā́líesi, gā́líesi-'' | ||
|''mólḗti, mólḗti-''<br/>''irēdā́ti, irēdā́ti-''<br/>''gā́líeti, gā́líeti-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !colspan="3" | Jussive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !| | ||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: | !style="width: 125px; "|Plural | ||
!style="width: | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''mólī́n, mólī́(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''irēdáin, irēdái(n)<sup>1</sup>-''<br/>''gā́léin, gā́léi(n)<sup>1</sup>-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólmáech, mólmáech-''<br/>''irēdamáech, irēdamáech-''<br/>''gā́lemáech, gā́lemáech-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólynt, mólynti-''<br/>''irḗdant, irēdanti-''<br/>''gā́lent, gā́lenti-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''mólt, mólti-''<br/>''irḗdat, irēdati-''<br/>''gā́let, gā́leti-'' | ||
|'' | |''mólylt, mólylti-''<br/>''irḗdalt, irēdalti-''<br/>''gā́lelt, gā́lelti-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3.an | |||
|''mólmór, mólmór-''<br/>''irēdamór, irēdamór-''<br/>''gā́lemór, gā́lemór-'' | |||
|''mólyrór, mólyrór-''<br/>''irēdarór, irēdarór-''<br/>''gā́lerór, gā́lerór-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/ | !|3.other | ||
|'' | |||
| | |''mólisór, mólisór-''<br/>''irēdasór, irēdasór-''<br/>''gā́lesór, gā́lesór-'' | ||
|'' | |''móltór, móltór-''<br/>''irēdátór, irēdatór-''<br/>''gā́létór, gā́letór-'' | ||
|- | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3" | Imperative | |||
|- | |||
!| | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 125px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''mólyns, mólyns-''<br/>''irḗdans, irēdans-''<br/>''gā́lens, gā́lens-'' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''mól, mól-''<br/>''irḗda, irḗda-''<br/>''gā́le, gā́le-'' | |||
|''mólyls, mólyls-''<br/>''irḗdals, irēdals-''<br/>''gā́lels, gā́lels-'' | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="3"| Non-finite forms | |||
|- | |||
!Present<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólyryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólyrl-''<br/>''irēdáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdárl-''<br/>''gā́léryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lérl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfect<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="3"|''Prefix ''yn-'' to the present participle.'' | |||
|- | |||
!Preterite<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólnáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólnárl-''<br/>''irēdanáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdanárl-''<br/>''gā́lenáryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́lenárl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Future<br/>participle | |||
|colspan="2"|''mólḗryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''mólḗrl-''<br/>''irēdā́ryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''irēdā́rl-''<br/>''gā́líeryl<sup>F</sup>'', ''gā́líerl-'' | |||
|- | |||
!Infinitive | |||
|colspan="2"|''móls<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdás<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''gā́lés<sup>M</sup>'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !Supine | ||
|'' | |colspan="2"|''mólḗð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''irēdā́ð<sup>M</sup>''<br/>''térieð<sup>M</sup>'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Semivowel stems== | |||
===''*j''-stems=== | |||
'''''áubiī́''' - attack, strike'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub'''ivs''''' | |||
|''áub'''ins''''' | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''áub''' | |||
|''áub''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''i''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''irs''''' | ||
|''áub''' | |''áub'''ils''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Present''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''áub'''iī''''' | |||
|''áub'''idir''''' | |||
|''áub'''ima''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ivse''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''inse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''irse''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ilse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''áub'''i''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''áub'''īr''''' | |||
|''áub'''ivi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''áub'''īs''''' | |||
|''áub'''iti''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ín''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''isid''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''imi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''itar''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''itā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ír''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''irith''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ilith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''áub'''isa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''isrí''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''isví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''áub'''isar''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''istí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Future''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́n''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́vse''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́nse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́r''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́rse''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́lse''''' | ||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''ī́ri''''' | ||
|'' | |''áubi'''ī́vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́s''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ī́ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''áub'''iī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''irdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''imir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ivt''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''int''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''áub'''it''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''irt''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''ilt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''áub'''imá''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''áub'''īrá''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''iħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''áub'''īsá''''' | ||
|'' | |''áub'''itá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===*w-stems=== | |||
'''''qervī́''' - pack, condense'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''uvs''''' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''uns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qér'''y''''' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''urs''''' | ||
|''qér''' | |''qér'''uls''''' | ||
| | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Present''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
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!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.ex | ||
|''-'' | |''qér'''vī''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''udir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uma''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''qér'''uvse''''' | |||
|''qér'''unse''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qér'''ur''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''urse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''ulse''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''qér'''y''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''qer'''vir''''' | |||
|''qér'''uvi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''qér'''vis''''' | |||
|''qér'''uti''''' | |||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 369: | Line 381: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qer'''ún''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''usid''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''umi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''utar''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''utā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qer'''úr''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''urith''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''ulith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qér'''usa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qer'''usrí''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''usví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qér'''usar''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''ustí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Future''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 404: | Line 416: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗn''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗdir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗnse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗr''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗlse''''' | ||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗ''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qer'''vḗri''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''vḗvi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qerv'''éis''''' | ||
|'' | |''qerv'''ḗti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 439: | Line 452: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qerv'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''urdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''umir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''uvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''unt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qér'''ut''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''urt''''' | ||
|'' | |''qér'''ult''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qer'''umá''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qer'''virá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''uħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qer'''visá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qer'''utá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===* | ==Labial obstruent stems== | ||
''''' | ''-vi, -vie-'' "dissimilates" to ''-ħi, -ħie-'' | ||
'''''duobī́''' - to be assembled'' | |||
==Coronal obstruent stems== | |||
===*t-, *d-, *tʰ-, *s-stems=== | |||
{*t *d *tʰ *s} | |||
*> ''s'' / _t<br/> | |||
*> ''r'' / _d<br/> | |||
'''''qvothī́''' - shout'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 476: | Line 499: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qvóth''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yrs''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 496: | Line 519: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''rdir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qvóth'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''sti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 531: | Line 554: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''ssid''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''star''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''stā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''rith''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qvo'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvo'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qvó'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvo'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 567: | Line 589: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yt''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''yrt''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvóth'''ylt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''qvoth'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''qvoth'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''qvo'''stá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===* | ===*z-stems=== | ||
''''' | '''''fáerī́''' - interlock, jam'' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 604: | Line 626: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''fáér''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yrs''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 624: | Line 646: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''fáer'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''sti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 659: | Line 681: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''ssid''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''star''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''stā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''rith''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''fáe'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáe'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''fáé'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáe'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 695: | Line 717: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''yt''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''yrt''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáér'''ylt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''fáer'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''fáer'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''fáe'''stá'''''<br/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==* | ===*ʒ-stems=== | ||
'''''néuzī́''''' - ''pound, stamp'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 739: | Line 754: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''néuz''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yrs''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 759: | Line 774: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''néuz'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''néus'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 794: | Line 809: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''ssid''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''star''''' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''stā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''rith''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''néu'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''néu'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''néu'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 829: | Line 845: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''yvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yt''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''yrt''''' | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''ylt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''néur'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''néuz'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''néur'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''néuz'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''néu'''stá'''''<br/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==*ç- and *ƶ-stems== | ||
C[+plosive | {*ç, *ƶ} | ||
'' | *> ''ch'' / _*C[+coronal +plosive] | ||
*> ''s'' / _*C[+coronal +fricative/affricate] | |||
*> [ː~] / _{''*ç'', ''*ƶ''} | |||
*> ''th, ð'' otherwise | |||
''''' | '''''rȳthī́''' - classify, categorize'' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
Line 870: | Line 889: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yrs''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 890: | Line 909: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌ch'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''rȳ̌th'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌ch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 917: | Line 936: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | '''Past | !colspan="4" | '''Past perchective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 925: | Line 944: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌'''ssid''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌ch'''tar''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌ch'''tā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''rith''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''rȳ'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 961: | Line 979: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yt''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''yrt''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ̌th'''ylt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''rȳth'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''rȳth'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''rȳ'''chtá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Velar stems== | ||
C[+plosive, +velar] > ''ch'' / _''d/t/ŧ''<br/> | |||
''g'' > ''c'' / _C[-voiced] | |||
''''' | '''''uogī́''' - err, miss'' | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
Line 1,008: | Line 1,020: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yvs''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ǔog''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yrs''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,028: | Line 1,040: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ǔog'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,063: | Line 1,075: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoc'''sid''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''tar''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔoch'''tā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''rith''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ǔoc'''sa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''uoc'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''uoc'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ǔoc'''sar''''' | ||
|'' | |''uoc'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,098: | Line 1,111: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''uog'''yrdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''mir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yvt''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yt''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''yrt''''' | ||
|'' | |''ǔog'''ylt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''uog'''má''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''uog'''irá''''' | ||
|'' | |''uog'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''uog'''isá''''' | ||
|'' | |''uoch'''tá'''''<br/> | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Guttural stems== | |||
===Radical stems=== | |||
====*q-stems==== | |||
====*ʁ-stems==== | |||
====*qʰ-stems==== | |||
===*ʔ-stems=== | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>ʔ | |||
*> [ː~] / V_CV | |||
*> [~ː] / V_CC | |||
'''''hēseī́''' - feel, emote'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,132: | Line 1,155: | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''hēsḗ''' | |''hēsḗ'''vs''''' | ||
|''hēsḗ''' | |''hēsḗ'''ns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'' | ||
|''hēsḗ''' | |''hēsḗ'''rs''''' | ||
|''hēsḗ''' | |''hēsḗ'''ls''''' | ||
|} | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Present''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!style="width: 100px; "| | !style="width: 100px; "|Singular | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hēsé'''ī''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''ddir''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''mma''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''vse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''nse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēs'''ḗrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēs'''ḗlse''''' | ||
|} | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hēs'''é''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hēsé'''ìr''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''vvi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hēsé'''ìs''''' | |||
|''hēsé'''tti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!style="width: 100px; "| | !style="width: 100px; "|Singular | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ssid''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''mmi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ttar''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ttā''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ýr''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''rrith''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''llith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ssa''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''hēsē'''srí''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''ssar''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''stí''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,222: | Line 1,240: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Future''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!style="width: 100px; "| | !style="width: 100px; "|Singular | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗn''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗdir''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗnse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗr''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗlse''''' | ||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗ''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ḗri''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ḗvi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hḗse'''éis''''' | ||
|'' | |''hḗse'''ḗti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,260: | Line 1,279: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
!style="width: 100px; "| | !style="width: 100px; "|Singular | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | !style="width: 100px; "|Dual | ||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | !style="width: 100px; "|Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ī́''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''rdá''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsé'''mmir''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''vt''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''nt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''t''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''rt''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsḗ'''lt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''mmá''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''hēse'''ìrá''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēsē'''ħá''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ìsá''''' | ||
|'' | |''hēse'''ttá''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====*{m, n, l, r}ʔ-stems==== | |||
====*{m, n, l, r} | ''*{m, n, l, r}ʔ'' | ||
''*{m, n, l, r} | *> ''mp'', ''{n, l, r}t'' | ||
*> '' | |||
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent] | *> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent] | ||
'''''híltī́''' - imply, make transparent'' | |||
''''' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 1,308: | Line 1,325: | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''vs''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''ns''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hílt'' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''rs''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''ls''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,328: | Line 1,345: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''ī''''' | ||
|'' | |''híl'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''ma''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''vse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''nse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''r''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''rse''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílty'''lse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''e''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''hílt'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''híl'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,363: | Line 1,380: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''ýn''''' | ||
|'' | |''híl'''sid''''' | ||
|'' | |''hílt'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''híl'''tar''''' | |||
|''híl'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|2 | ||
|''-'' | |''hílt'''ýr''''' | ||
|''ín'''tar''''' | |''hílt'''rith''''' | ||
|''ín'''tā''''' | |''hílt'''lith''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|3/4.m | ||
|''inth'''ýr''''' | |''híl'''sa''''' | ||
|''ínth'''rith''''' | |rowspan="2"|''híl'''srí''''' | ||
|''ínth'''lith''''' | |''híl'''sví''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.f | ||
|''ín''' | |''híl'''sar''''' | ||
|rowspan="2"|''in'''srí''''' | |''híl'''stí''''' | ||
|''in'''sví''''' | |} | ||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ín'''sar''''' | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|''in'''stí''''' | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''hílt'''ī́''''' | |||
|''hílty'''rdá''''' | |||
|''hílt'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''hílty'''vt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''hílt'''yt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''rt''''' | |||
|''hílty'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''hílt'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''hílt'''irá''''' | |||
|''hílt'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''hílt'''isá''''' | |||
|''híl'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
===''h''-stems=== | |||
<nowiki>*</nowiki>h | |||
*> [ː~] / V_C[+fricative]V | |||
*> [~ː] / V_C[otherwise] | |||
'''''bohī́''' - measure'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''vs''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bō̌'' | |||
|''bō̌'''rs''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''bóh'''ī''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''dir''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''vse''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''nse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bóh'''yr''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rse''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''bóh'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''bóh'''ir''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''bóh'''is''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''boh'''ýn''''' | |||
|''bó'''ssid''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''tar''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''boh'''ýr''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rith''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''bó'''ssa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''bō'''srí''''' | |||
|''bō'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''bó'''ssar''''' | |||
|''bō'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''boh'''ī́''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rdá''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''bō̌'''vt''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''bō̌'''t''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''rt''''' | |||
|''bō̌'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''bō'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''boh'''irá''''' | |||
|''bō'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''boh'''isá''''' | |||
|''bō'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
====*{m, n, l, r}h-stems==== | |||
''*{m, n, l, r}h'' | |||
*> ''mf'', ''{n, l, r}th'' | |||
*> ''m'' / _C[+labial +obstruent], ''{n, l, r}'' / _C[+coronal +obstruent] | |||
'''''inthī́''' - lie (be in a supine position)'' | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vs''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''ns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínth'' | |||
|''ínthy'''rs''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''ls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''ínth'''ī''''' | |||
|''ín'''dir''''' | |||
|''ínth'''ma''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vse''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''nse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínthy'''r''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''rse''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''lse''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ínth'''e''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''ínth'''ir''''' | |||
|''ínth'''vi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ínth'''is''''' | |||
|''ín'''ti''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Past perfective''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''inth'''ýn''''' | |||
|''ín'''sid''''' | |||
|''ínth'''mi''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ín'''tar''''' | |||
|''ín'''tā''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''inth'''ýr''''' | |||
|''ínth'''rith''''' | |||
|''ínth'''lith''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''ín'''sa''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''in'''srí''''' | |||
|''in'''sví''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''ín'''sar''''' | |||
|''in'''stí''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Jussive''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|''inth'''ī́''''' | |||
|''inthy'''rdá''''' | |||
|''ínth'''mir''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''ínthy'''vt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''nt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''ínth'''yt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''rt''''' | |||
|''ínthy'''lt''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|''inth'''má''''' | |||
|rowspan="2"|''inth'''irá''''' | |||
|''inth'''ħá''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|''inth'''isá''''' | |||
|''in'''tá''''' | |||
|} | |||
==Irregular verbs== | |||
===Suppletive verbs=== | |||
Suppletive verbs have many monosyllabic forms; in order to compensate for the lack of tonal information other roots were grafted into their paradigms. | |||
====''vā́cī́n'' - copula==== | |||
The copula is highly suppletive. The present, future, jussive and the infinitives share the stem ''vā́c-'', while the imperfect has the stem ''ynt-'' (< ''*ʔṇʔ-''). (There is no preterite.) Note also the preterite endings in the imperfect tense. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Imperative''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|''vā́c'''yvs''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''yns''''' | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|''vā́c'' | |||
|''vā́c'''yrs''''' | |||
|''vā́c'''yls''''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="4" | '''Present''' | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1.ex | |||
|(''vā́c'''īn''''') | |||
|(''vā́ch'''dir''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''mi''''') | |||
|- | |||
!|1.in | |||
|''-'' | |||
|(''vā́c'''yvse''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''ynse''''') | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
|(''vā́c'''yr''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''yrse''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''ylse''''') | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.m | |||
|(''vā́ce'') | |||
|rowspan="2"|(''vā́c'''ir''''') | |||
|(''vā́c'''vi''''') | |||
|- | |||
!|3/4.f | |||
|(''vā́c'''is''''') | |||
|(''vā́ch'''ti''''') | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,390: | Line 1,767: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Present subjunctive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,398: | Line 1,775: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''īn''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ch'''dir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''mi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yvse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''ynse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yr''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''yrse''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''ylse''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ce'' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ávā́c'''ir''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''vi''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ávā́c'''is''''' | ||
|'' | |''ávā́ch'''ti''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,458: | Line 1,810: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
| | |''yntýn'' | ||
| | |''ýnsid'' | ||
| | |''ýntmā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
| | |''ýntar'' | ||
| | |''ýntā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
| | |''yntýr'' | ||
| | |''ýntrith'' | ||
| | |''ýntlith'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
| | |''ýnta'' | ||
|rowspan="2"| | |rowspan="2"|''yntarí'' | ||
| | |''yntaví'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
| | |''ýntar'' | ||
| | |''yntatí'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,485: | Line 1,837: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4" | ''' | !colspan="4" | '''Imperfect subjunctive''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!style="width: 50px; "| | !style="width: 50px; "| | ||
Line 1,493: | Line 1,845: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|'' | |''ēntýn'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕnsid'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕntmā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕntar'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕntā'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''ēntýr'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕntrith'' | ||
|'' | |''ḕntlith'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.m | !|3/4.m | ||
|'' | |''ḕnta'' | ||
|rowspan="2"|'' | |rowspan="2"|''ēntarí'' | ||
|'' | |''ēntaví'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3/4.f | !|3/4.f | ||
|'' | |''ḕntar'' | ||
|'' | |''ēntatí'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,563: | Line 1,881: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.ex | !|1.ex | ||
|''vā́c''' | |''vā́c'''ī́n''''' | ||
|'' | |''vā́ch'''dír''''' | ||
|''vā́c''' | |''vā́c'''mí''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|1.in | !|1.in | ||
|''-'' | |''-'' | ||
|''vā́c''' | |''vā́c'''yvt''''' | ||
|''vā́c'''ynt''''' | |''vā́c'''ynt''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|''vā́c''' | |''vā́c'''yt''''' | ||
|''vā́c'''yrt''''' | |''vā́c'''yrt''''' | ||
|''vā́c'''ylt''''' | |''vā́c'''ylt''''' | ||
Line 1,587: | Line 1,905: | ||
|} | |} | ||
===='' | ====''morī́n'' - 'exist'==== | ||
===Reduplicating stems=== | ===Reduplicating stems=== | ||
These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs. | These verbs are reflexes of monosyllabic verbs whose stem originally consisted of consonant clusters with no vowel and was subsequently reduplicated to accommodate tonal patterns. They comprise a few irregular verbs. | ||
===Eliding stems=== | ===Eliding stems=== |
edits