282
edits
Th’uȟw’aas’oor: Difference between revisions
→Grammar
MacySinrich2 (talk | contribs) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
MacySinrich2 (talk | contribs) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| Line 516: | Line 516: | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second. | There are 3 types of regular adjectives: first, second, and third. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first and second. | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
A regular verb in belongs to one of four main conjugations. A conjugation is "a class of verbs with similar inflected forms. The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb's present stem. | |||
Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way. The "endings" presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers. The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation, e-conjugation and i-conjugation. Third-conjugation stems end in a consonant: the consonant conjugation. Further, there is a subset of the third conjugation, the i-stems, which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation, as they are both i-stems, one short and the other long. | |||
There are six general [[grammatical tense|"tenses"]] in Th’uȟʷʼaasʼoor (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three [[grammatical mood|moods]] (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the [[infinitive]], [[participle]], [[gerund]], [[gerundive]] and [[supine]]), three [[grammatical person|persons]] (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two [[grammatical voice|voices]] (active and passive) and two [[grammatical aspect|aspects]] ([[perfective and imperfective]]). Verbs are described by four principal parts: | |||
# The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular. | |||
# The second principal part is the present active infinitive. | |||
# The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular. | |||
# The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders (-''us ''for masculine, -''a'' for feminine and -''um'' for neuter) in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. Most modern Latin dictionaries, if they show only one gender, tend to show the masculine; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter, as it coincides with the supine. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, but strictly in Latin, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs. | |||
There are six "tenses" in the Latin language. These are divided into two tense systems: the present system, which is made up of the present, imperfect and future tenses, and the perfect system, which is made up of the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses. Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis. | |||
The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses. For the future tense, the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations, and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan=2|Tense !! colspan=3|Singular !! colspan=3|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person !! 1st Person !! 2nd Person !! 3rd Person | |||
|- | |||
! Present | |||
| -ō/m || -s || -t || -mus || -tis || -nt | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| -bō, -am || -bis, -ēs || -bit, -et || -bimus, -ēmus || -bitis, -ētis | |||
| -bunt, -ent | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfect | |||
| -bam || -bās || -bat || -bāmus || -bātis || -bant | |||
|- | |||
! Perfect | |||
| -ī || -istī || -it || -imus || -istis || -ērunt | |||
|- | |||
! Future Perfect | |||
| -erō || -eris/erīs || -erit || -erimus/-erīmus || -eritis/-erītis || -erint | |||
|- | |||
! Pluperfect | |||
| -eram || -erās || -erat || -erāmus || -erātis || -erant | |||
|} | |||
====Deponent verbs==== | |||
Some Latin verbs are [[deponent verb|deponent]], causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning: ''hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum'' (to urge). | |||
===Tense=== | ===Tense=== | ||