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Thrichian: Difference between revisions
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|kt > vt | |kt > vt | ||
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{| | |||
|Mhis seá tiehppó saec. || We already saw it. | |||
|- | |||
|Mhis seá tievpavvė saec. || We have already seen it. | |||
|} | |||
(tiehpp+avvė) > (tievp+avvė) | |||
Many of the processes applied to these consonant clusters follows the tendencies of assimilation. The v which replaces the preaspiration of the hk assimilates the k to be g because v is voiced. Similarly, ht becomes vth instead of vt because the t assimilates to become a dental fricative like the v. | |||
Single plosive consonants which are voiceless also gradate to become voiced, such as k > g, p > v, t > d/th… under the same circumstances. | |||
While consonant gradation simplifies clusters, fortification intensifies them. This means they are held for a longer period of time. This occurs when the stress of a root word is changed due to a suffix. For example, the nominative singular of spear is '''guohcea''', containing the consonant cluster hc. When put in the allative case, the stress changes to fall on the last syllable, producing '''guohcceá''' /guoht:'sa:/ | |||
Consonant clusters which are already geminal do not change, such as ''toahkka > toahkká''. The table below shows the gradated and fortified forms of all applicable clusters, where def. refers to clusters permissible in root words. | |||
Consonant fortification and degradation are used to change a root word from noun to verb or adjective, or vice versa. When a noun is turned into a verb, it often fortifies one degree, such as ''hčiallėvna (setting)'' to ''hčiallėhtni (to set up)''. Past participles always degrade their stems, such as ''linni (to take)'' to ''linin (taken)''. | |||
With these rules, it is possible for a single root word to have a lot of variance in conjugation or declension. Take the word linni again, it has three states of degradation: ''linin, linni, litnó.'' This is because its base-form can be fortified and degraded. Whereas, uoli (to see) only has two forms: ''uoli, uolló''. | |||
Fortification / gradation exists within derivational processes as well as inflectional. Consonants c and g vary between related terms such as in ''kíluca (liesure)'' and ''kílugi (to rest)''. In these cases it is used to form adjectives or verbs from nouns. Consonants g and v vary in the same way, in ''regi (to untie)'' and ''irevigaith (unravelling)'' this only works from g to v, never the reverse. | |||
'''Stress Change''' | |||
As discussed on the previous page, changes in stress can occur due to suffixing, usually the two suffixes -á and -ó. When this happens, consonants before the new stressed syllable will fortify and if the word contained an internal accented vowel, such as in hára, it will be written without the accent, as such: ''hára > harróth''. Here we see the fortification of the r as rr and the deletion of the accent over á. | |||
This, however, does not mean that two accented vowels never appear next to one another, because they do. In such cases, stress falls on both. | |||
Stress changes also help to distinguish words such as icastan and icastán. In that case, no phonological processes alter the word form, however it is important to get the stress right, as with English ''record (noun)'' and ''record (verb).'' | |||
'''The Apostrophe''' | |||
Apostrophes are often used to write colloquial speech. It is not considered improper, as it reflects the pronunciation. The apostrophe is used in place of ė and sometimes ë in monosyllabic words. | |||
The most common use of the apostrophe is in the personal pronouns, such as in the phrase ''mhë t‘oannė daigo'' (I miss you.) [væˈtɒɜ̆n.di.gɞ] Here the direct object second person singular pronoun tė has been shortened to t‘ as there is no vocalic presence. In extreme cases, double contractions can occur. Most notable, ''mh‘i t‘m‘aki'' /vitmaki/ meaning I don‘t know you (in response to a negative-assuming question.) This is a shortening of ''mhë i tė mė aki.'' | |||
'''Order of Suffixing''' | |||
The order in which suffixes are agglutinated onto a root word is important for meaning, as well as determining whether consonant gradation affects any of the internal clusters. For example, if one wishes to say with my little mother one may say ''aná+iktea+altha+c'' to attain the declension ''*anáktealthac,'' but this would not be correct. The correct order is ''aná+iktea+c+altha'' which gives us ''anákteagaltha.'' Here we see the comitative suffix -c go through consonant gradation to become -g- before the cluster lth. The order in which grammatical information is stacked can be broken down as follows. | |||
FOR NOUNS | |||
1. any derivational affixes | |||
2. honorific suffixes (can overlap freely) | |||
3. grammatical case | |||
4. number | |||
5. relation suffix -altha | |||
FOR VERBS | |||
1. tense and aspect (as shown in the verb tables) | |||
2. reciprocal / reflexive suffixes -dírthi -davva | |||
3. causative and permissive | |||
When adding these suffixes on nouns or verbs, it is important to consider maintaining the slenderness or broadness of the consonant one is adding them to. For example, ''anágaltha'' (with my mother) poses no problems because the c gradates to g which is broad in this case before the ''-altha.'' For the suffix ''-iktea,'' however, when it is attached to consonant-final nouns, their broadness must be maintained. Thus, it becomes ''-aiktea'' when it attaches onto a word like ''čoag (flower).'' | |||
'''Honorific suffixes''' in Thrichian can be added to proper names, verbs, pronouns and nouns to describe their importance or relation to the speaker. | |||
'''-(a)mba''' implies importance, reverence, or wisdom | |||
1. Seardú, Guvárisamba. – Thank you, Mr. Guváris. | |||
2. Si hteamė hedómba. – He conquered the land. | |||
'''-(i)ktea''' implies smallness, diminutive, or cute qualities | |||
1. Mhëltha govguktea. – My sweet little boy. | |||
2. Ithiktea! – Poor thing! | |||
'''-(i)lcuz''' implies disassociation or contempt for an object or person | |||
1. Mhë Nitalcuzac ruó hkuaippi. – I had to have dinner with Nita (I don’t like Nita) | |||
1. Mhë Nitac ruó hkuaibilcuz. – I had to have dinner with Nita (I don’t like dinner) | |||
'''-(a)ltha'' implies relation, as opposed to possession. | |||
1. Tegavvė ná Bastuzaltha? – Have you met (my relative) Bastuz? | |||
The last suffix ''-altha'' is used in possessive pronouns for expressing relation. ''Mhëltha aná'' – My mother. Although, ''mhain análtha'' is also acceptable, as long as the -altha is present. | |||
'''Possession''' is shown with the ablative and genitive cases. The ablative is used for statements in conjunction with the verb lá, while possessive pronouns appear in the genitive case before their nouns. Possessors can appear before or after their possessions, as the case genitive marking -ain specifies the relation. | |||
1. '''Mhaen lė mhinnua'''. – I have a house (ablative + copula lá) | |||
2. '''Mhain mhinnua bargonazgė.''' – My house is large. | |||
In Thrichian, there is no verb to have, as the same idea is expressed with the ablative case. To express that something is yours, one may use either the ablative or the genitive case (il taen / il tain). | |||
The allative case can be used to show intention or direction. For example, when giving a gift, mhaen lig tá – I have something for you. Even taen mhá can serve as a full and proper sentence, meaning you give me something. | |||
To represent an unknown thing which is possessed by a personal or relative/interrogative pronoun (that which is yours/mine/his) the suffix -dannu is used on the end of the genitive or ablative form of the pronoun. | |||
3. '''Il taindannu ná?''' – Is this yours? | |||
4. '''Ith lëna lė veaindannu?''' – Whose book is this? | |||