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classical language in Russia and Central Asia
'''Ilithian''' (''gľaudhiſſká dažwá'' /ˈʝʎou̯ɟʱɪʃkaː ˈdaʒvaː/) is a classical IE language in [[Verse:Avishviya]] (''Awiſſwigá''), inspired by Czech, Sanskrit, Greek, and Proto-Celtic. It shares satemization and the ruki law with Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic.


Lots of compounding as in Sanskrit; sandhi?
Switch everything to Brethren spelling
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Consonants: identical to Czech (add bh dh džh ďh gh?) -ḥ = [x] and -ṃ = [ŋ]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| → PoA<br/>↓ Manner!! Labial !! Dental/Alveolar !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
| '''ň, ni''' /ɲ/
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''č''' /tʃ/
| '''ť''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''dž''' /dʒ/
| '''ď''' /ɟ/
|
|
|-
!<small>breathy</small>
| '''bh''' /bʱ/
| '''dh''' /dʱ/
| '''džh''' /dʒʱ/
| '''ďh, dhi''' /ɟʱ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>unvoiced</small>
| [f]
| '''s''' /s/
| '''ſſ''' /ʃ/ || [ç] || '''ch''' /x/ ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /v/
| || '''ž''' /ʒ/ || '''g''' /j~ʝ/ ||  || '''h''' /ɦ/
|-
!colspan="2"| Liquid
|
| '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
| '''ř''' /(Czech ř)/
| '''ľ''' /ʎ/
|
|
|}
 
Consonants: identical to Czech (add ľ bh dh džh ďh, but h < gh), but j = [ʝ~ç]. No Auslautverhärtung.
 
Vowels: a e i u á é j ú ů eg au ág áu, acute = long vowel (u, ú, ů, ou, áu = u, ʉː, uː, ɔw, aːw), l ĺ r ŕ = syllabic liquids
 
PIE oey > eg
 
Pitch accent: Proto-Slavic style?
 
Palatals come from iotation or k g before e i (like PSlavic)


Vowels: a e i u á é í ú ej ou
initial e- > je-
 
ē, eh1 > ý, iH > í
 
all é > ý in the "Prakrit", ý from older long e causes "second palatalization", ý from Classical Ilithian é causes "third palatalization"
 
mjs, mjnes- 'month'
 
ja > je?
=== Iotation ===
k g h t d dh p b bh v m n l r s > CL+č CL+dž CL+džh CL+ť CL+ď CL+ďh pg bg bhg wg mň CL+ň CL+ľ CL+ř CL+š
 
This occurs after laryngeals vocalize. Sometimes iotation causes compensatory lengthening ("CL") of the vowel before the iotated consonant: ''*bʰh₂nyoh₂'' 'I shine' > ''*bʰanjō'' > ''*bʰāňō'' > CIlith ''bháňů'' 'I explain, I state'.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
TODO: Dual
Literary Ilithian nouns and adjectives are extremely conservative in that they retain all 8 PIE cases and the dual number (like Sanskrit). However, a lot of analogical leveling between noun paradigms has taken place.
=== o-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=3| ''vrk'' (m.) = wolf
! colspan=2| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=3| ''loušná'' (f.) = moon, month
! colspan=2| ''oušta'' (n.) = mouth
! colspan=3| ''důra'' (n.) = gift
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vrk''||''vrká''||''vrké''
|''vrk''||''vrků''||''vrké''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušná''||''loušné''||''loušnech''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' || ''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' || ''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vrkaše''|| ''vrkajou'' ||''vrkou''
|''vrkaš''|| ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkou''
|''loušnaḥ''|| ''vrkajou'' ||''loušnou''
|''loušnech''|| ''loušnáu'' ||''loušnou''
|''ouštaš''|| ''ouštajou'' ||''ouštou''
|''důraš''|| ''důráu'' ||''důrou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkaṃ''
|''vrkej'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''loušnáj'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštej'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''důrej'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vrka'' ||''vrká''||''vrkouḥ''
|''vrka'' ||''vrků''||''vrkouch''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnaḥ''
|''loušnou''||''loušné'' ||''loušnouch''
|''oušta''||''oušté'' ||''ouštání''
|''důra''||''důré'' ||''důrá''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vrkáḥ'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkaṃ''
|''vrkách'' ||''vrkabhou''  ||''vrkabh''
|''loušnáḥ'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnáṃ''
|''loušnách'' ||''loušnábhou'' ||''loušnábh''
|''ouštáḥ'' ||''ouštéma'' ||''ouštaṃ''
|''důrách'' ||''důrabhou'' ||''důrabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vrká'' ||''vrkéma''  ||''vrkéḥ''
|''vrký'' ||''vrkabhí''  ||''vrkéch''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnáma'' ||''loušnámi''
|''loušnajá'' ||''loušnábhí'' ||''loušnábhi''
|''ouštá'' || ''ouštéma'' ||''ouštéḥ''
|''důrý'' || ''důrabhí'' ||''důréch''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkajou'' ||''vrkéš''
|''vrké'' || ''vrkáu'' ||''vrkéš''
|''loušné''||''loušnájou''  ||''loušnáš''
|''loušné''||''loušnáu''  ||''loušnáš''
|''oušté'' || ''ouštajou'' ||''ouštéš''
|''důré'' || ''důráu'' ||''důréš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrká!''  ||''vrké!''
|''vrče!'' ||''vrků!''  ||''vrké!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnáh!''
|''loušna!'' || ''loušné!''||''loušnech!''
|''oušte!'' || ''oušté!'' ||''ouštání!''
|''důre!'' || ''důré!'' ||''důrá!''
|}
|}


=== i-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''ageň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''mať'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ageň'' ||''agňů''||''agňé''
|''mať'' ||''maťé'' ||''matěch''
|''mař'' ||''mařé'' || ''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéš'' || ''agňáu''  ||''agňou''
|''matěch'' || ''maťáu'' ||''maťou''
|''mařéš'' || ''mařáu'' ||''mařou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agněj'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťáj'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařej'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' || ''agňů'' ||''agních''
|''mati'' || ''maťé'' || ''matích''
|''mař'' || ''mařé'' ||''maří''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéch'' || ''agněbhou'' ||''agněbh''
|''maťéch'' || ''matěbhou'' ||''matěbh''
|''mařéch'' || ''mařebhou'' ||''mařebh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' || ''agněbhí'' ||''agňéch''
|''matijá'' || ''matěbhí'' ||''matěbhi''
|''maří'' || ''mařebhí'' || ''mařéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' || ''agňáu'' ||''agníš''
|''maťé'' || ''maťáu'' ||''matíš''
|''mařé'' || ''mařáu'' ||''maříš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agně!'' || ''agňů!'' ||''agňé!''
|''mati!'' || ''maťé!'' ||''matěch!''
|''maře!'' || ''mařé!'' ||''maří!''
|}
=== Feminines in ''-í'' ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patní'' (f.) = wife
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patní'' ||''patnijé''||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patních'' || ''patnijáu''  ||''patnijou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patní'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patní'' || ''patnijé'' ||''patních''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patních'' || ''patníbhou'' ||''patníbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patnijá'' || ''patníbhí'' ||''patníbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patnijé'' || ''patnijáu'' ||''patníš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patní!'' || ''patnijé!'' ||''patních!''
|}


=== u-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''agň'' (m.) = fire
! colspan=3| ''avýju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=2| ''mati'' (f.) = thought
! colspan=3| ''žouštú'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''mař'' (n.) = sea
! colspan=3| ''medhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''agň'' ||''agňé''
|''avýju'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjavé''
|''mať'' ||''maťaḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žoustavé'' ||''žouštavech''
|''mař'' || ''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' || ''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''agňéše'' ||''agňou''
|''avýjouš'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjavou''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťou''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštavou''
|''mařéš'' ||''mařou''
|''medhouš'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''agňej'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjavej'' || ''avýjubhou'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťáj'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštaváj'' || ''žouštubhou'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařej'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhavej'' || ''medhubhou'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''agni'' ||''agníḥ''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjavů'' ||''avýjúch''
|''mati'' ||''matíḥ''
|''žouštú'' || ''žouštavé'' ||''žouštúch''
|''mař'' ||''maríní''
|''medhu'' || ''medhavé'' ||''medhú''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''agňéḥ'' ||''agňéṃ''
|''avýjouch'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubh''
|''maťéḥ'' ||''maťéṃ''
|''žouštouch'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubh''
|''mařéḥ'' ||''mařéṃ''
|''medhouch'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''agní'' ||''agňémi''
|''avýjú'' || ''avýjubhí'' ||''avýjubhi''
|''matijá'' ||''maťémi''
|''žouštujá'' || ''žouštubhí'' ||''žouštubhi''
|''marí'' ||''mařémi''
|''medhú'' || ''medhubhí'' ||''medhubhi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''agňé'' ||''agníš''
|''avýjáu, avýjavi'' || ''avýjaváu'' ||''avýjúš''
|''maťé'' ||''matíš''
|''žouštáu, žouštavi'' || ''žouštaváu'' ||''žouštúš''
|''mařé'' ||''maríš''
|''medháu, medhavi'' || ''medhaváu'' ||''medhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''agňe!'' ||''agňé!''
|''avýjou!'' || ''avýjavů!'' ||''avýjavé!''
|''maťi!'' ||''maťaḥ!''
|''žouštou!'' || ''žouštavé!'' ||''goustavech!''
|''maře!''||''maríní!''
|''medhou!'' || ''medhavé!'' ||''medhú!''
|}
|}


=== n-stems ===
=== Irregular nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''žmů'' (m.) = human
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''žmů''||''žmenů''||''žmené''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''žmenaš''|| ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''žmenej'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''žmena'' ||''žmenů''||''žmenech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''žmenách'' ||''žmenabhou''  ||''žmenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''žmený'' ||''žmenabhí''  ||''žmenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''žmeni, žmené'' || ''žmenáu'' ||''žmenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''žmů!'' ||''žmenů!''  ||''žmené!''
|}


=== ma-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''véju'' (m.) = wind
! colspan=3| ''vnama'' (n.) = name
! colspan=2| ''džouštu'' (f.) = meat
! colspan=2| ''madhu'' (n.) = honey
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''vnama''||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''vnamenaš''|| ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''vnamenej'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''vnama'' ||''vnamené''||''vnamená''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''vnamenách'' ||''vnamenabhou''  ||''vnamenabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''vnamený'' ||''vnamenabhí''  ||''vnamenéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''vnameni, vnamené'' || ''vnamenáu'' ||''vnamenaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''vnama!'' ||''vnamené!''  ||''vnamená!''
|}
=== s-stems ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''andh'' (n.) = spring (season)
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''andh''||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''andhes, andhesaš''|| ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''andhesej'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''andh'' ||''andhesé''||''andhesá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''andhesách'' ||''andhesabhou''  ||''andhesabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''andhesý'' ||''andhesabhí''  ||''andheséch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''andhesi, andhesé'' || ''andhesáu'' ||''andhesaš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''andh!'' ||''andhesé!''  ||''andhesá!''
|}
Also: ''nebh'' 'cloud'
=== Other athematics ===
Other athematics usually become of the regular o-stems or the i-stems, depending on the final consonant. For example, ''vrýž'' 'king' (from *h₃rḗǵs) declines as a regular ''i''-stem masculine noun.
=== -ýr nouns ===
TODO: Family members ''patýr, mátýr, bhrátýr, svesůr, dhvatýr''
==== Masculine ====
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''patýr'' (m.) = father
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''patýr''||''paterů''||''pateré''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''patreš''|| ''patráu'' ||''patrou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''patrej'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''patra'' ||''paterů''||''patrech''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''patréch'' ||''patrbhou''  ||''patrbh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''patrý'' ||''patrbhí''  ||''patrbhi''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''patři, patré'' || ''patráu'' ||''patrš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''patre!'' ||''paterů!''  ||''pateré!''
|}
==== Feminine ====
=== Irregulars ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| ''gů'' (f.) = cow
|-
!
!singular
!singular
!dual
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''véju'' ||''véjavé''
|''gů''||''gavé''||''gavech''
|''džouštu'' ||''džouštavaḥ''
|''madhu'' || ''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''véjouš'' ||''véjavou''
|''gouch''||''gaváu''||''gavou''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštavou''
|''madhouš'' ||''madhavou''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''véjavej'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gaváj'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštaváj'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhavej'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjúḥ''
|''gou, gavou'' ||''gavé''||''gůch, gavech''
|''džouštú'' ||''džouštúḥ''
|''madhu'' ||''madhúní''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''véjouḥ'' ||''véjuṃ''
|''gouch'' ||''gůbhou'' ||''gůbh''
|''džouštouḥ'' ||''džouštuṃ''
|''madhouḥ'' ||''madhuṃ''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''véjú'' ||''véjumi''
|''gavá, gůjá'' ||''gůbhí'' ||''gůbhi''
|''džouštujá'' ||''džouštumi''
|''madhú'' ||''madhumi''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''véjáu'' ||''vejúš''
|''gavé'' || ''gaváu'' ||''gouš''
|''džouštáu'' ||''džouštúš''
|''madháu'' ||''madhúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''véjou!'' ||''véjavé!''
|''gů!'' || ''gavé!''||''gavech!''
|''džouštou!'' ||''džoustavaḥ!''
|''madhou!''||''madhúní!''
|}
|}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
=== Personal ===
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. ||rowspan=2|reflexive
|-
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n.
! m. || f. || n.
|-
|-
! nom.
! nom.
| ''aha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tat'' || ''véḥ'' || ''júḥ'' || ''sí'' || ''saḥ'' || ''tá''  
| ''jaha'' || ''tú'' || ''sa'' || ''sá'' || ''tach'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
|  
| ''jmý'' (stressed), ''me'' (unstressed) || ''tý'' (stressed), ''te'' (unstressed) || ''ta'' || ''tou'' || ''tach'' || ''sý'' (stressed), ''se'' (unstressed)
|-
! gen.
| ''jmaná'' || ''tvaná'' || ''taš'' || ''tech'' || ''taš'' || ''svaná''
|-
! poss.
| ''jmák, jmanák'' || ''tvák, tvanák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''svák, svanák''
|-
! dat.
| ''jmeži'', ''jmé'' || ''tebhi'', ''té'' || ''tasmej'' || ''tašáj, táj'' || ''tasmej'' || ''sebhi, sé''
|-
! abl.
| ''jmežách'', ''jmách'' || ''tebhách'', ''tvách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''tašách'' || ''tasmách'' || ''sebhách, svách''
|-
! ins.
| ''jmaný'' (m), ''jmajá'' (f) || ''tvaný'' (m/n), ''tvajá'' (f) || ''taný'' || ''tajá'' || ''taný'' || ''svaný'' (m/n), ''svajá'' (f)
|-
! loc.
| ''jmaji'' || ''tvaji'' || ''tasmi'' || ''tašé'' || ''tasmi'' || ''svaji''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1du. || rowspan=2 | 2du. || colspan="3" | 3du.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''sů'' || ''sé'' || ''té''
|-
! acc.
| ''nou'' || ''jou'' || ''tů'' || ''té'' || ''té''
|-
! gen.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu'' || ''táu''
|-
! poss.
| ''náják'' || ''júják'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
! dat.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábhou'' || ''júbhou'' || ''tébhou'' || ''tábhou'' || ''tébhou''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhí'' || ''júbhí'' || ''tébhí'' || ''tábhí'' || ''tébhí''
|-
! loc.
| ''nájáu'' || ''jújáu'' || ''téjáu'' || ''tájáu'' || ''téjáu''
|-
! rowspan=2 | case ||rowspan=2| 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || colspan="3" | 3pl.
|-
! m. || f. || n.
|-
! nom.
| ''véch'' || ''júch'' || ''sí'' || ''sech'' || ''tá''
|-
! acc.
| ''nas'' || ''jus'' || ''touch'' || ''touch'' || ''tá''
|-
|-
! gen.
! gen.
|  
| ''nasmou'' || ''jušmou'' || ''téšou'' || ''tášou'' || ''téšou''
|-
! poss.
| ''nasmák'' || ''jušmák'' || ''"'' || ''"'' || ''"''
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
|  
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! abl.
| ''nábh, nasmabh'' || ''júbh, jušmabh'' || ''tébh'' || ''tábh'' || ''tébh''
|-
! ins.
| ''nábhi, nasmabhi'' || ''júbhi, jušmabhi''|| ''téch'' || ''tábhi'' || ''téch''
|-
|-
! abl.-loc.
! loc.
|
| ''nasméš'' || ''jušméš'' || ''téš'' || ''táš'' || ''téš''
|}
|}
The possessive pronouns ''jm(an)ák, tv(an)ák, sv(an)ák, nasmák, jušmák'' decline as ''o''-stem adjectives. Other pronouns use the genitive form.
=== Demonstrative ===
Demonstratives: či, čí, čich (distance-neutral)
Interrogative and relative (determiner and pronoun): ka, ká, kach


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
==Verbs==
=== o-stem adjectives ===
===Present system===
==== Hard ====
{{col-begin}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{{col-2}}
|+ Declension of ''jsúrt'' 'good' (from *h₁su-h₂r-tós 'well-ordered')
Primary endings
|-
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jsúrt''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrtá''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtých''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtých''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|''jsúrtaš''|| ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtou''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtáj'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtam'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsúrta'' ||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrtou''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtouch''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' ||''jsúrtá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou''  ||''jsúrtabh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtábhou'' ||''jsúrtábh''
|''jsúrtách'' ||''jsúrtabhou'' ||''jsúrtabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsúrtý'' ||''jsúrtabhí''  ||''jsúrtéch''
|''jsúrtajá'' ||''jsúrtábhí'' ||''jsúrtábhi''
|''jsúrtý'' || ''jsúrtabhí'' ||''jsúrtéch''
|-
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|''jsúrté''||''jsúrtáu''  ||''jsúrtáš''
|''jsúrtami'' || ''jsúrtáu'' ||''jsúrtéš''
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jsúrte''||''jsúrtů''||''jsúrté''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté''||''jsúrtech''
|''jsúrta''||''jsúrté'' || ''jsúrtá''
|}
 
==== Soft ====
 
=== u-stem adjectives ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ Declension of ''jvesu'' 'solemn, holy (of objects, places and occasions)' (from *h₁wésus)
|-
!
! colspan=3| masc.
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|''jvesích''|| ''jvesijáu'' ||''jvesijou''
|''jvesouš''|| ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesavou''
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
!colspan="3"| Active
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
!colspan="3"| Passive
|''jvesí'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesum'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesavů''||''jvesúch''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé'' ||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' ||''jvesú''
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
| -ṃ || -va || -ma || -mé || -vadhé || -madhé
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou''  ||''jvesubh''
|''jvesích'' ||''jvesíbhou'' ||''jvesíbh''
|''jvesouš'' ||''jvesubhou'' ||''jvesubh''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
| -š || -ta || -te || -šé || -tahé || -dhvé
|''jvesú'' ||''jvesubhí''  ||''jvesubhi''
|''jvesijá'' ||''jvesíbhí'' ||''jvesíbhi''
|''jvesú'' || ''jvesubhí'' ||''jvesubhi''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right" |'''Locative'''
| -t || -ta || -nt || -té || -tahé || -nté
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|''jvesijé''||''jvesijáu''  ||''jvesíš''
|''jvesumi'' || ''jvesaváu'' ||''jvesúš''
|-
|-
|align="right" |'''Vocative'''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavů''||''jvesavé''
|''jvesí''||''jvesijé''||''jvesích''
|''jvesu''||''jvesavé'' || ''jvesú''
|}
|}
{{col-2}}
=== Participles ===
Secondary endings
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Declension of ''jsas'' 'real'; ''jsan'' means 'thing'
|-
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!
!colspan="3"| Active
! colspan=3| masc.
!colspan="3"| Passive
! colspan=3| fem.
! colspan=3| neut.
|-
|-
! Singular !! Dual!! Plural  !! Singular !! Dual!! Plural
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|-
! 1st
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
| (vowel change) || -va || -ma || -nén || -vadhé || -madhé
|''jsas''||''jsantů''||''jsanté''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|-
! 2nd
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
| -ḥ || -ta || -te || -šé || -taha || -dhva
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu''||''jsantou''
|''jsantích''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantijou''
|''jsantaš''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantou''
|-
|-
! 3rd
|align="right"|'''Dative'''
| -Ø || -ta || -n || -eta || -taha || -anta
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantí''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantam''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|''jsanta''||''jsantů''||''jsantech''
|''jsantí''||''jsantijé''||''jsantích''
|''jsan''||''jsanté'' || ''jsantá''
|-
|align="right"|'''Ablative'''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou''||''jsantabh''
|''jsantích''||''jsantíbhou''||''jsantíbh''
|''jsantách''||''jsantabhou'' || ''jsantabh''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí''||''jsantéch''
|''jsantijá''||''jsantíbhí''||''jsantíbhi''
|''jsantý''||''jsantabhí'' || ''jsantéch''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu''||''jsantéš''
|''jsantijé''||''jsantijáu''||''jsantíš''
|''jsantami''||''jsantáu'' || ''jsantéš''
|}
|}
{{col-end}}


Athematic: dadháṃ, dadháš, dadhát,  
==Verbs==
{{main|Ilithian/Verbs}}
 
== Numerals ==
<poem>
géw, géwá, géwa (m/f/n) = 1
dwů, dwé, dwé (m/f/n) = 2
třj, třis, třj (m/f/n) = 3
četur, četus, četura (m/f/n) = 4
penče, penčis, penča (m/f/n) = 5
ſſeſſ = 6
septa - 7
aſſtů = 8
gnewa = 9
deſſa = 10
géwurdeſſa = 11
dwůrdeſſa = 12
třjrdeſſa = 13
četurdeſſa = 14
penčurdeſſa = 15
ſſeſſurdeſſa = 16
septurdeſſa = 17
aſſtůrdeſſa = 18
gnewurdeſſa = 19
wjžati = 20
géwurwjžati = 21
třjžat = 30
četuržat = 40
pendžat = 50
ſſežžat = 60
septažat = 70
aſſtůžat = 80
gnewažat = 90
ſſata = 100
žílj = 1000
</poem>
 
==Syntax==
Ilithian has unmarked order SOV: 'The woman sings the song' is ''Džená ŋágma ŋáget''. (Using ''ŋágma'' 'song' as an object of ''ŋágeti'' 'to sing' implies specificity. 'Sings a (nonspecific) song' would simply be ''ŋáget''.)
 
Ilithian is topic-prominent, so the topic comes first:
*''džená ŋágma ŋáget'' = The woman sings the song (cf. ''Onna wa uta wo utau'')
*''ŋágma ŋáget džená'' = The song is sung by a woman/The *woman* sings the song (cf. ''Uta wa onna ga utau'')
*''žmenau dwů gstau'' = There are two people/Of people, there are two (cf. ''Hito wa futari ga iru'')
*''tam ſſwů gest'' = He has a dog (cf. Jp. ''Kare wa inu ga iru'')
The ''-č'' or ''-če'' Wackernagel clitic ('and' in Classical Ilithian) becomes an explicit topic particle in later descendants.


Thematic o/e ablaut:
==Sample text==
''bharti'' (to carry): ''(aha) bharaṃ, (tú) bharaš, (sa, sá, taḥ) bharet, (vevá) bharava, (juvá) bharata, (sá, sé, té) bharata, (véḥ) bharama, (júḥ) bharate, (sí, saḥ, tá) bharant''
=== UDHR ===
''Wiſſvé žmené swapátěbhi ženigánté; téſſau gsutwrtitáť andauſſijéče líŋé gsant.''


root: ''anešti'' (to get): ''anešmi, anešši, anešt, anešva, anešta, anešta, anešma, anešte, anešant
=== Ilithian textbook ===
==== Lesson 2 ====
''Sſi wjr gest. Wjr Gsužen rekté, taſſ gnama Gſſužen gest. Sſjč džená gest. Džená Auháľá rekté. Gsužen Auhálěch pať gest, Auháľáč Gsuženaſſ patnj. Žmátů gstau. Tébhau třj dhýná gsant, súnů dhwatýrče.''


Root laryngeal verbs merge into one of the other categories
===Schleicher's Fable===
'''Awi geſſwéče'''


-eh₂ti: ''daráti'' (to gift): ''daráṃ, daráš, darát, daráva, daráta, daráta, daráma, daráte, daránt''
''Awi, kasmáj wlná nébhú, widat geſſwauch: jéwa táŋu waha wehanti, jéwače maha bhara, jéwače žmena aſſu bheranti.''


-yéti, -yeti: ''džhaďhjeti'' (to pray, to request): ''džhaďhjeṃ, džhaďhješ, džhaďhjet, džhaďhjeva, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjeta, džhaďhjema, džhaďhjete, džhaďhjent''
[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]


-éyeti: ''hařejeti'' (to boil): ''hařejeṃ, hařeješ, hařejet, hařejeva, hařejeta, hařejeta, hařejema, hařejete, hařejent''
=== From ''Labyrint světa a ráj srdce'' ===
'''Ilithian'''


''bhúti'' (to be): ''asmi, aši, ast, asva, asta, asta, asma, aste, sant''
''GÉDNESI PANTÁTECH TEČMENÁ. Ŋeŋrýſſ gaha tasmeg agaweg, kasmi se žmeniſſkág maťág wiſſtjm ater gsúrtami wlkamič bháněti wgážet, wjdas gaha wiſſtjtá ater žmenéſſ stámená rtěchče prawekauchče rbhjchče, čebhi anadedhánté, ambebháté gmeži nepawá bhúti dauſſá, ga se gsu, ku kaný žmenau ſſtidhý se andůgau, meš am kaga praweka džjwatau anadůtj bhúgát, maťágmi.''


==Sample text==
'''English''' (tr. Matthew Spinka)
===Schleicher's Fable===
 
'''Avi ašvé-če'''
REASONS FOR UNDERTAKING THE WANDERINGS. Having reached the age when human intelligence begins to distinguish between good and evil, and having seen the various classes, orders, callings, occupations, and professions that men engage in, it seemed to me highly desirable to consider well which of these groups of folk I should join and which profession I should choose for my life work.
 
'''Czech original''' (Komenský)
 
''O PŘÍČINÁCH V SVĚT PUTOVÁNÍ. Když sem v tom věku byl, v kterémž se lidskému rozumu rozdíl mezi dobrým a zlým ukazovati začíná, vida já rozdílné mezi lidmi stavy, řády, povolání, práce a předsevzetí, jímiž se zanášejí, zdála se mi toho nemalá býti potřeba, abych se dobře, ke kterému bych se houfu lidí připojiti a v jakých věcech život stráviti měl, rozmyslil.''


[[Category:Indo-European languages|C]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]][[Category:Stem-Balto-Slavic]][[Category:Sebatic]][[Category:Languages]]
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