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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
In the Hano language verb stems form the core of the verb and suffixes are added to the verb to denote different grammatical functions. Their place within the verb depends on other suffixes and there is much variation. | |||
There are five tenses, which are future, present, preterite, aorist and perfect. Aorist is used when talking about some already occured event, that's either unique or otherwise special. For example ''T'aétáska'', which uses aorist, means "I swam" (only time doing so or for the first time), while ''Yentás'ka'' means "I swam" (several times before and/or after), as it's preterite. Present isn't marked with an affix while others are. | There are five tenses, which are future, present, preterite, aorist and perfect. Aorist is used when talking about some already occured event, that's either unique or otherwise special. For example ''T'aétáska'', which uses aorist, means "I swam" (only time doing so or for the first time), while ''Yentás'ka'' means "I swam" (several times before and/or after), as it's preterite. Present isn't marked with an affix while others are. | ||
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There are two forms of each pronoun. The first ones are used to indicate the agent of the sentence and the latter ones to indicate the patient and, furthermore, when only a pronoun is needed to convey the meaning. The agent pronouns are added to the verb and cannot be on their own. The place of the pronoun depends on the other affixes of the word. In the present tense it's always initial: '''''A'''tás'k'' = "I swim". But in other tenses it's usually the final one and the tense marker is the first: ''Yentás'k'''a''''' = "I swam". It's optional to omit the agent pronoun if the subject of the sentence is something other than a personal pronoun, ie. one can say either ''Tás'k kiál'' or ''Sáttás'k kiál'' for "The birds swim". | There are two forms of each pronoun. The first ones are used to indicate the agent of the sentence and the latter ones to indicate the patient and, furthermore, when only a pronoun is needed to convey the meaning. The agent pronouns are added to the verb and cannot be on their own. The place of the pronoun depends on the other affixes of the word. In the present tense it's always initial: '''''A'''tás'k'' = "I swim". But in other tenses it's usually the final one and the tense marker is the first: ''Yentás'k'''a''''' = "I swam". It's optional to omit the agent pronoun if the subject of the sentence is something other than a personal pronoun, ie. one can say either ''Tás'k kiál'' or ''Sáttás'k kiál'' for "The birds swim". | ||
Negation is formed by adding the suffix -yé before the verb stem. The tense and question markers and the person are placed after the verb stem in the order ''tense marker-question-person''. Compare ''Kweyentáská'' "Did I swim?" and ''Yétáskyenkweá'' "Didn't I swim?" | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||