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Jaqatil (view source)

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=What & Why Jaŋatil?=
<p>Jaŋatil is a common Turkic language.
=Sounds=
==Consonants==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center style="font-size:175%">
<tr><th><th>Bilabial<th>Labiodental<th>Dental<th>Postalveolar<th>Palatal<th>Velar<th>Glottal
<tr><th>Plosive<th>p &nbsp; b<th><th>t &nbsp; d<th><th><th>k &nbsp; g<th>ʔ
<tr><th>Fricative<th>β<th>f<th>s &nbsp; z<th>ʃ<th><th><th>h
<tr><th>Affricate<th><th><th><th><th>tɕ<th><th>
<tr><th>Nasal<th>m<th><th>n<th><th><th>&#331;<th>
<tr><th>Trill<th><th><th>r<th><th><th><th>
<tr><th>Approximant<th><th><th>l<th><th>j<th><th>
</table>
<ul>
<li><b>/f/, /h/, /ʔ/</b> are only used in loanwords.
<li><b>/v/</b> or <b>/w/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/β/</b>.
<li><b>/tʃ/</b>, <b>/ts/</b> or <b>/ɕ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/tɕ/</b>.
<li><b>At the beginning of a word</b> <b>/dʒ/</b>, <b>/dz/</b>, <b>/dʑ/</b>, <b>/ʑ/</b> or <b>/ʒ/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/j/</b>.
<li><b>/h/</b> is interchangeable with <b>/χ/</b>.
<li>In a hard context <b>/q/, /ʁ/ (/ɣ/)</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/</b> respectively.
<li>In a soft context <b>/k<sup>j</sup>/, /g<sup>j</sup>/, /l<sup>j</sup>/</b> are allowed instead of <b>/k/, /g/, /l/</b> respectively.
<li>In native words the difference between <b>p/t/k</b> and <b>b/d/g</b>,
isn't very meaningful.
</ul>
==Vowels==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th rowspan=2><th colspan=2>Front<th colspan=2>Back
<tr><th>unrounded<th>rounded<th>unrounded<th>rounded
<tr><th>Close<th>i<th>y<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><th>Open<th>æ<th>œ<th>a<th>o
</table>
===Characteristics of the vowels===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th rowspan=2><th colspan=2>Strong<th colspan=2>Weak
<tr><th>unrounded<th>rounded<th>unrounded<th>rounded
<tr><th>Hard<th>a<th>o<th>ɯ<th>u
<tr><th>Soft<th>æ<th>œ<th>i<th>y
</table>
===Vowel harmony===
<p>In a native Jaŋatil word each vowel must be either <b>soft</b> (front) or <b>hard</b> (back). This is
called <b>front/back harmony</b>. The same
is true for loanwords with the exception of letter <b>i</b> &mdash; we can combine it not only with the soft <b>e, i, ö, ü</b>
but also with the hard <b>a, ı, o, u</b>. Thus any loanword
written in the standard Latin alphabet can be borrowed without change.
<p>There is <b>no</b> rounded/unrounded harmony in the written language.
Therefore in native words the weak rounded vowels <b>u, ü</b> may only be in the first syllable.
However, one should round <b>ı, i</b> while speaking when they come immediately
after a rounded vowel.
===Word stress===
<p>Word stress is <b>always</b> put on the last vowel. But if you
want to emphasize a word then you may stress another syllable.
=Writing Systems=
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th colspan=3>Latin<th rowspan=2>Cirillic<th rowspan=2>Arabic<th rowspan=2>IPA
<tr><th>ASCII<th>Common<th>Rational
<tr><th>A a<th>A a<th>A a<th>А а<th>ا<th>a
<tr><th>B b<th>B b<th>B b<th>Б б<th>ب<th>b
<tr><th>C c<th>C c<th>C c<th>Ч ч<th>چ<th>tɕ
<tr><th>D d<th>D d<th>D d<th>Д д<th>د<th>d
<tr><th>E e<th>E e<th>Â â<th>Е е<th>اِ<th>æ
<tr><th>F f<th>F f<th>F f<th>Ф ф<th>ف<th>f
<tr><th>G g<th>G g<th>G g<th>Г г<th>گ<th>g
<tr><th>H h<th>H h<th>H h<th>Х х<th>ه<th>h
<tr><th>I i<th>İ i<th>Î î<th>И и<th>ىِ<th>i
<tr><th>J j<th>J j<th>J j<th>Й й<th>ي<th>j
<tr><th>K k<th>K k<th>K k<th>К к<th>ك<th>k
<tr><th>L l<th>L l<th>L l<th>Л л<th>ل<th>l
<tr><th>M m<th>M m<th>M m<th>М м<th>م<th>m
<tr><th>N n<th>N n<th>N n<th>Н н<th>ن<th>n
<tr><th>O o<th>O o<th>O o<th>О о<th>و<th>o
<tr><th>O' o'<th>Ö ö<th>Ô ô<th>Ё ё<th>وِ<th>œ
<tr><th>P p<th>P p<th>P p<th>П п<th>پ<th>p
<tr><th>Q q<th>Ŋ ŋ<th>Ñ ñ<th>Ң ң<th>ڭ<th>ŋ
<tr><th>R r<th>R r<th>R r<th>Р р<th>ر<th>r
<tr><th>S s<th>S s<th>S s<th>С с<th>س<th>s
<tr><th>T t<th>T t<th>T t<th>Т т<th>ت<th>t
<tr><th>U u<th>U u<th>U u<th>У у<th>ىُ<th>u
<tr><th>V v<th>Ü ü<th>Û û<th>Ю ю<th>ىُِ<th>y
<tr><th>W w<th>W w<th>W w<th>В в<th>ۋ<th>β
<tr><th>X x<th>Ş ş<th>Ş ş<th>Ш ш<th>ش<th>ʃ
<tr><th>Y y<th>I ı<th>I ı<th>Ы ы<th>ى<th>ɯ
<tr><th>Z z<th>Z z<th>Z z<th>З з<th>ز<th>z
<tr><th>`<th>`<th>`<th>Ъ ъ<th>ء<th>ʔ
</table>
==Writing Examples==
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th colspan=3>Latin<th rowspan=2>Cirillic<th rowspan=2>Arabic<th rowspan=2>IPA<th rowspan=2>Translation
<tr><th>ASCII<th>Common<th>Rational
<tr><th>tax<th>taş<th>taş<th>таш<th>تاش<th>taʃ<th>stone
<tr><th>sekiz<th>sekiz<th>sâkız<th>секиз<th>ساِكىِز <br>سِاكىز<th>sækiz<th>eight
<tr><th>altyncy<th>altıncı<th>altıncı<th>алтынчы<th>التىنچى<th>altɯnt͡ɕɯ <th>sixth
<tr><th>vcnci<th>ücnci<th>ûcncı<th>ючнчи<th>ىُِچنچىِ <br> ِىُچنچى<th>yt͡ɕnt͡ɕy<th>third
<tr><th>mv`min<th>mü`min<th>mû`mın<th>мюъмин<th>مىُِءمىِن <br>مِىُءمىن<th>myʔmin<th>believer
<tr><th>gvzellik<th>güzellik<th>gûzallık<th>гюзеллик<th>گىُِزاِللىِك<br>گُِىزاللىك<th>gyzællik<th>beauty
<tr><th>to'qereksq<th>töŋereksŋ<th>tôñaraksñ<th>тёңерексң<th>توِڭاِراِكسڭ<br>تِوڭاراكسڭ<th>tœŋæræksŋ<th>you are round
</table>
=Parts of Speach=
<ol>
<li>Noun<ul><li>Pronoun<li>Masdar</ul>
<li>Particle
<ul type=circle>
<li>Joint<ul><li>Whose-ness<li>Who-ness<li>Suffix<li>Prefix</ul>
<li>Separate<ul><li>Postposition<li>Conjunction</ul>
</ul>
<li>Verb
<li>Adjective<ul><li>Numeral<li>Participle</ul>
<li>Adverb<ul><li>Gerund</ul>
<li>Interjection
</ol>
==Noun==
===Personal pronouns===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Singular<th>Plural
<tr><th>1st person<th>ben<th>biz
<tr><th>2nd person<th>sen<th>siz
<tr><th>3rd person<th>o<th>olar
</table>
===Masdars===
<p>There are two masdars (verbal nouns): <b>V+w</b> and <b>V+mak/mek</b>:
<p><b>İstanbulda jaşamaknı/jaşawnı umut etemn.</b> <i>I am hoping to live in Istanbul.</i>
==Particle==
===Whose-ness & Who-ness===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Whose<th>Who<th>Verb Whose
<tr><th>ben<th>-m<th>-mn<th>-m
<tr><th>sen<th>-ŋ<th>-sŋ<th>-ŋ
<tr><th>o<th>ı / i<th>(-dr)<th>(-dr)
<tr><th>biz<th>-mz<th>-bz<th>-k
<tr><th>siz<th>-ŋz<th>-sz<th>-ŋz
<tr><th>olar<th>(lar)ı / (ler)i<th>[lar(dr) / ler(dr)]<th>[lar / ler]
</table>
<p><b>Benniŋ başm.</b> <i>My head.</i> &mdash; <b>Ben kücikmn.</b> <i>I am small/little.</i><br>
<b>Senniŋ kişiŋ.</b> <i>Your man.</i> &mdash; <b>Sen büjiksŋ.</b> <i>You are big.</i><br>
<b>Onıŋ ewi.</b> <i>His/Her/Its home.</i> &mdash; <b>O iyi(dr).</b> <i>He is good.</i><br>
<b>Bizniŋ cocıklar.</b> <i>Our children.</i> &mdash; <b>Biz warlıklıbz.</b> <i>We are rich.</i><br>
<b>Sizniŋ işŋz.</b> <i>Your work.</i> &mdash; <b>Siz bahcadasz.</b> <i>You are in the garden.</i><br>
<b>Olarnıŋ birleri.</b> <i>One of them.</i> &mdash; <b>Olar atsızlar.</b> <i>They are without horses.</i><br>
<p><b>Kızm we ogılm güzeller.</b>
<i>My daughter and my son are beautiful.</i>
<br><b>Kara közlerŋni sewemn.</b>
<i>I love your black eyes.</i>
<br><b>Buda kimŋz war?</b>
<i>Which if you is here?</i>
<p>These particles are also used in verb conjugation
except that <b>ı / i</b> is omitted in the 3rd person
and <b>-mz</b> is changed for just <b>-k</b>.
And I use these abbreviations:
<p><b>τ</b> &mdash; from Greek <b>τίνος</b> <i>whose</i>,<br>
<b>π</b> &mdash; from Greek <b>ποιος</b> <i>who</i>.
==Verb==
The basic and shortest verb form (denoted by <b>V</b>)
is at the same time 2nd person singular imperative. The negative
form is <b>V+ma/me</b>:
<p><b>Okı!</b> &nbsp; <i>Read!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>Okıma!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't read!</i><br>
<b>İc!</b> &nbsp; <i>Drink!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>İcme!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't drink!</i><br>
<b>Jat!</b> &nbsp; <i>Lie (down)!</i> &nbsp; &mdash; &nbsp; <b>Jatma!</b> &nbsp; <i>Don't lie (down)!</i>
===Voices===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>Passive<th>-l
<tr><th>Reflexive<th>-n
<tr><th>Causative<th>-t<br>dır/dir
<tr><th>Reciprocal<th>-ş
</table>
<p><b>Bak</b> <i>Look</i><br>
<b>Bakl</b> <i>Be looked at</i><br>
<b>Bakn</b> <i>Look at oneself</i><br>
<b>Bakt / Bakdır</b> <i>Make look</i><br>
<b>Bakş</b> <i>Look at one another</i>
<p><b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of other people!</i><br>
<b>Kitaplar bulaj yazlmar.</b> <i>Books aren't written this way.</i><br>
<b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of others!</i><br>
<b>Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz!</b> <i>Don't kiss in presence of others!</i><br>
===Tenses & Moods===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th><th>Simple<th>In the Past
<tr><th>Sure Future<th>V+acak/ecek+π<th>V+acak/ecek idi+τ
<tr><th>Present-Future<th>V+r+π<th>V+r idi+τ
<tr><th>Present<th>V+a/e+π<th>V+a/e idi+τ
<tr><th>Past<th>V+dı/di+τ<th rowspan=2>V+mış/miş idi+τ
<tr><th>Unsure Past<th>V+mış/miş+π
<tr><th>Conditional<th>V+sa/se+τ<th>V+sa/se idi+τ
</table>
==Adjective==
===Numbers===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>0<th>1<th>2<th>3<th>4<th>5<th>6<th>7<th>8<th>9
<tr><th>nöl<th>bir<th>iki<th>üc<th>tört<th>beş<th>altı<th>jedi<th>sekiz<th>tokız
<tr><th>
<tr><th>10<th>11<th>20<th>30<th>40<th>50<th>60<th>70<th>80<th>90
<tr><th>on<th>on bir<th>jirmi<th>otız<th>kırk<th>elli<th>altmış<th>jetmiş<th>seksen<th>toksan
<tr><th>
<tr><th>100<th>143<th>200<th>1000<th>8765<th>1 000 000<th>1 000 000 000<th>1 000 000 000 000
<tr><th>jüz<th>jüz kırk üc<th>iki jüz<th>miŋ<th>sekiz miŋ jedi jüz altmış beş<th>miljon<th>miljar<th>triljon
</table>
===Participles===
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 align=center>
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
<tr><th>Present
</table>
==Adverb==
==Interjection==
Yaqatil
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